We continue to smash neutrons together at high energy and derive ever
more energetic results. Like the
transuranic atoms, the results are
theoretically pleasing, but otherwise difficult to get too excited about. They are all transitional to more stable forms
we know about.
As I have posted before, the future of physics will be all about the
neutrino which I can model theoretically.
I have not quite figured out how to present the model without causing
everyone's eyes to glaze over. Core to measuring its theoretical effect is the
use of my new metric which I published in 2010.
CERN at least discovered that the ftl neutrinos reported last fall were
a result of a loose cable. That is
unfortunate because that should actually be true using my understanding of the
underlying metric. Earth is still not
dense enough or large enough to test the theory but it has shown us a way to
test the theory practically by using the Sun or at least provide a lower limit.
At least experimenters are now working to improve these measurements
because it represents an excellent test of the limits of the model currently in
place.
One significant thing should be clear though is that the direction of
error will be biased toward ftl but plausibly below significance.
New Particle Discovered at
CERN
ScienceDaily (Apr. 27,
2012) — Physicists from the University of Zurich have discovered a
previously unknown particle composed of three quarks in the Large Hadron
Collider (LHC) particle accelerator. A new baryon could thus be detected for
the first time at the LHC. The baryon known as Xi_b^* confirms fundamental
assumptions of physics regarding the binding of quarks.
In particle physics, the
baryon family refers to particles that are made up of three quarks. Quarks form
a group of six particles that differ in their masses and charges. The two
lightest quarks, the so-called "up" and "down" quarks, form
the two atomic components, protons and neutrons. All baryons that are composed
of the three lightest quarks ("up," "down" and
"strange" quarks) are known. Only very few baryons with heavy quarks
have been observed to date. They can only be generated artificially in particle
accelerators as they are heavy and very unstable.
In the course of proton
collisions in the LHC at CERN, physicists Claude Amsler, Vincenzo Chiochia and
Ernest Aguiló from the University of Zurich's Physics Institute managed to detect
a baryon with one light and two heavy quarks. The particle Xi_b^* comprises one
"up," one "strange" and one "bottom" quark (usb),
is electrically neutral and has a spin of 3/2 (1.5). Its mass is comparable to
that of a lithium atom. The new discovery means that two of the three baryons
predicted in the usb composition by theory have now been observed.
The discovery was based on
data gathered in the CMS detector, which the University of Zurich was involved
in developing. The new particle cannot be detected directly as it is too
unstable to be registered by the detector. However, Xi_b^* breaks up in a known
cascade of decay products. Ernest Aguiló, a postdoctoral student from Professor
Amsler's group, identified traces of the respective decay products in the
measurement data and was able to reconstruct the decay cascades starting from
Xi_b^* decays.
The calculations are based on
data from proton-proton collisions at an energy of seven Tera electron volts
(TeV) collected by the CMS detector between April and November 2011. A total of
21 Xi_b^* baryon decays were discovered -- statistically sufficient to rule out
a statistical fluctuation.
The discovery of the new
particle confirms the theory of how quarks bind and therefore helps to
understand the strong interaction, one of the four basic forces of physics
which determines the structure of matter.
The University of Zurich is
involved in the LHC at CERN with three research groups. Professor Amsler's and
Professor Chiochia's groups are working on the CMS experiment; Professor
Straumann's group is involved in the LHCb experiment.
CMS detector
The CMS detector is designed
to measure the energy and momentum of photons, electrons, muons and other
charged particles with a high degree of accuracy. Various measuring instruments
are arranged in layers in the 12,500-ton detector, with which traces of the
particles resulting from the collisions can be recorded. 179 institutions
worldwide were involved in developing CMS. In Switzerland, these are the
University of
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