Terra Forming Terra

TERRAFORMING TERRA We discuss and comment on the role agriculture will play in the containment of the CO2 problem and address protocols for terraforming the planet Earth. A model farm template is imagined as the central methodology. A broad range of timely science news and other topics of interest are commented on.

Wednesday, June 30, 2021

4,115 Vaccinated People Have Died, Been Hospitalized With COVID-19 ‘Breakthrough’ Infections: CDC



All this against a background of mis counting and outright data manipilation to the point that all official information is deeply suspect.

The big question not been answered is why not do nothing?  The numbers so far appear worse because we have avoidable Vaccine deaths in the whole mix.

This whole event has been shown by creditable sources to be a complete and deliberate sham to at least promote a global vaccine program.  And much else perhaps.  Did the CCP pay to collapse the global population?


 Vaccinated People Have Died, Been Hospitalized With COVID-19 ‘Breakthrough’ Infections: CDC

BY JACK PHILLIPS

June 27, 2021 Updated: June 27, 2021



A pharmacy student prepares a Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine in Los Angeles, Calif., on May 7, 2021. (Frederic J. Brown/AFP via Getty Images)

VACCINES & SAFETY







https://www.theepochtimes.com/mkt_breakingnews/4115-vaccinated-people-have-died-been-hospitalized-with-covid-19-breakthrough-infections-cdc_3876243.html




The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said that more than 4,000 people have been hospitalized or died from COVID-19 “breakthrough” cases.

In an update late last week, the agency said that 4,115 people have been hospitalized or have died from COVID-19 despite having been fully vaccinated.

The total number of individuals who have died from COVID-19 after being vaccinated is 750, according to the agency. It noted that 76 percent of hospitalizations and deaths from breakthrough cases occurred among individuals over the age of 65.

“As of June 21, 2021, more than 150 million people in the United States had been fully vaccinated against COVID-19,” said the agency in its June 25 update. “During the same time, CDC received reports from 47 U.S. states and territories of 4,115 patients with COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infection who were hospitalized or died.”

Federal health officials have downplayed the new data and said that they had anticipated breakthrough cases, illnesses, and deaths.

“To be expected,” Dr. Paul Offit, a top advisor to the Food and Drug Administration on children’s vaccines, told CNBC on June 25. “The vaccines aren’t 100 percent effective, even against severe disease. Very small percentage of the 600,000 deaths.”

On May 1, the CDC announced that it had stopped counting all breakthrough cases and only reports on those that lead to hospitalization or death.

COVID-19 is the illness caused by the CCP (Chinese Communist Party) virus, otherwise known as novel coronavirus.

The CDC update comes as Israeli officials said last week that during a recent outbreak of COVID-19, about half of the adults infected in the recent outbreak were fully vaccinated.

Ran Balicer, who leads an expert advisory panel for the Israeli government, in announcing the finding on June 25, said that the country might end up in lockdown again. Balicer and other officials said that 90 percent of the new cases were caused by the so-called “Delta” COVID-19 variant.

“The entrance of the Delta variant has changed the transition dynamics,” he told The Wall Street Journal.

The Massachusetts Department of Public Health reported last week that nearly 4,000 people who were fully vaccinated have tested positive for the virus.

“We’re learning that many of the breakthrough infections are asymptomatic, or they’re very mild and brief in duration,” Boston University infectious diseases specialist Davidson Hamer said, according to local media. “The viral load is not very high.”

And Hamer—like Offit—also downplayed the breakthrough infections, saying they’re to be expected.

“Breakthroughs are expected, and we need to better understand who’s at risk and whether people who have a breakthrough can transmit the virus to others,” Hamer said. “In some cases, they’ll be shedding such low levels of the virus and won’t be transmitting to others.”



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Massive 'Winged Humanoid' Encountered By Police Officer & Wife While Driving



This was in fact a confrontation.  It is also important for two reasons.

The witness is a police officer and is certainly a class A witness.  It does not get better and his wife was along as well.  He also actively responded to end the confrontation.

We got to investigate the behavior of hgte dash cam in real time.  We have unending tales of camera failure.  Here we have direct action confirmed.

Thus we now know that images are actively blocked by the population of cryptids.  It also tells us that the lack of predation on us is no accident.  It is at least way too low. 


Massive 'Winged Humanoid' Encountered By Police Officer & Wife While Driving


 Sunday, June 27, 2021

https://www.phantomsandmonsters.com/2021/06/massive-winged-humanoid-encountered-by.html

A police officer and his wife were traveling over a bridge when a massive yellow/reddish eyed winged humanoid suddenly ascends and lands in front of the car.


The following account was discovered on social media:


“I live in Toronto, but have a lot of family in the states, and one of them claims to have actually seen the Mothman. He said it was a creature unlike anything he had ever seen before, covered in hair, with leather like skin, from top to bottom, that had a terrifying screech.


He and his wife were driving home from a night out, and just before they were about to cross the bridge, this thing sweeps down from the sky and lands right in the middle of the road. He said it was around 11 o’clock at night, and there was no other cars on the road. But the weirdest thing of all? His dash cam instantly malfunctioned, and when he played it back, all he could see was static. He was both excited and terrified, because he’s been hearing about the legends for years, and couldn’t believe he was actually having an encounter with it, but was so angry when he noticed that the video didn’t record. He said it was working perfectly up until the moment this creature came from the sky and landed on the road in front of them. As soon as whatever this thing was, flew away, the recording returns to normal, which leads me to believe it’s a paranormal entity, as they are well known for interfering with electronic equipment.


He didn’t dare report it because he thought people would think he was crazy, but I’ll never forget that phone call. He called me first, even though I’m just a distant relative (he said he remembered that I have a strong fascination with the paranormal and the unknown), but I could actually hear the fear in his voice, and his wife was sobbing in the background. He told me that this thing looked like it was absolutely massive, head arms and legs, basically a humanoid type figure. It had no neck, unbelievably huge yellow/reddish eyes that seem to glow in the dark, and a wingspan of at least 10 feet. I assure you that this guy is NOT prone to exaggeration, or making false claims of any sorts. As a matter of fact, he’s a police officer, that’s why he didn’t report it, because he said they get dozens of fake sightings every year, and his colleagues are always joking and laughing about it, but now that he experienced it for himself. He’s hell-bent on figuring out exactly what his thing is, and even though it didn’t hurt them, he said it did appear to be incredibly intimidating, actually walking towards the car as they just sat there in panic. He said a few seconds felt like an eternity, but eventually, as the creature was about 10 feet from the hood of his car, he started honking his horn and flashing his high beams, and that seem to do the trick. He said this thing flew away so fast that it was literally in the blink of an eye, and it was gone.


This happened quite some time ago, yet he has only told myself and two other family members, and refuses to tell anybody else for fear of being labelled a conspiracy theorist, especially given his career. But I believe him, he is an upstanding citizen, and absolutely brilliant man, who actually has three masters degrees. A man of science, who has never believed in anything unusual or paranormal, so I know that he’s telling me the truth. I just wish that he was able to get a video of it. But after the description he gave me, it makes me glad that I’m all the way here in Toronto. I would not want to run into that thing at 11 o’clock at night with nobody else around!” TJ


NOTE: There is no reference to the actually location, other than it occurred in the US. Lon

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UFO Encounters & Sightings Reported During The Korean War



What we hacve been lacking is any combat encounters and that surely is because of suppression.  here we have a real encounter erupting into a fire fight and a radiation assault.  It is nasty.

what is also clear is that neither side had rules of engagement orders for something like this.  Both were reckless.

.
The other side responded with a nasty blast of radiation that ultimately reduced combat effectiveness after a couple of days.  there is also a lack of communication as well.


UFO Encounters & Sightings Reported During The Korean War

Wednesday, June 23, 2021

https://www.phantomsandmonsters.com/2021/06/ufo-encounters-sightings-reported.html

The following information is an update to an article I submitted in September 2013. Some of the references provided are no longer available online:

This text is an edited transcript of an interview between Mr. Francis P. Wall, a private first class (PFC) in the U.S. Army during the Korean War, and John Timmerman, an associate of the J. Allen Hynek Center for UFO Studies (CUFOS) in Chicago, Illinois. The interview took place in January, 1987. Noted UFO researcher Richard F. Haines checked military records and found Mr. Wall listed as a Korean combatant in the infantry unit he names below. Haines also requested and received from Mr. Wall a drawing of the aerial object he claims to have seen. The drawing depicts a very typical "flying saucer." CNI News thanks John Timmerman for permission to reprint this text. Mr. Wall recounts his experience as follows:

Bizarre Craft Hit Soldiers With Debilitating Light Beam

Courtesy - John Timmerman, J. Allen Hynek Center For UFO Studies
Courtesy - CNI News

"This event that I am about to relate to you is the truth, so help me God. It happened in the early Spring of 1951 in Korea. We were in the Army infantry, 25th Division, 27th Regiment, 2nd Battalion, 'Easy' Company. We were in what is known on the military maps as the Iron Triangle, near Chorwon.

"It is night. We are located on the slopes of a mountain, below [which] there is a Korean village. Previously we have sent our men into this village to warn the populace that we are going to bombard it with artillery. On this night, we were doing just that. We had aerial artillery bursts coming in.

"We suddenly noticed on our right-hand side what appeared to be a jack-o-lantern come wafting down across the mountain. And at first no one thought anything about it. So we noticed that this thing continued on down to the village to where, indeed, the artillery air bursts were exploding. It had an orange glow in the beginning. We further noticed that this object was [so] quick that it could get into the center of an airburst of artillery and yet remain unharmed.

"[The] time element on this, I would say, [was] anywhere from, oh, forty-five minutes to an hour all told.

"But then this object approached us. And it turned a blue-green brilliant light. It's hard to distinguish the size of it; there's no way to compare it. The light was pulsating. This object approached us.

"I asked for and received permission from Lt. Evans, our company commander at that time, to fire upon this object, which I did with an M-1 rifle with armor-piercing bullets. And I did hit it. It must have been metallic because you could hear when the projectile slammed into it.

"Now why would that bullet damage this craft if the artillery rounds didn't? I don't know, unless they had dropped their protective field around them, or whatever. But the object went wild, and the light was going on and off. It went off completely once, briefly. And it was moving erratically from side to side as though it might crash to the ground. Then, a sound -- we had heard no sound previous to this -- the sound of, like, diesel locomotives revving up. That's the way this thing sounded.

"And then, we were attacked. We were swept by some form of a ray that was emitted in pulses, in waves that you could visually see only when it was aiming directly at you. That is to say, like a searchlight sweeps around and... you would see it coming at you. Now you would feel a burning, tingling sensation all over your body, as though something were penetrating you.

"So the company commander, Lt. Evans, hauled us into our bunkers. We didn't know what was going to happen. We were scared. These are underground dugouts where you have peep holes to look out to fire at the enemy. So, I'm in my bunker with another man. We're peeping out at this thing. It hovered over us for a while, lit up the whole area with its light, and then I saw it shoot off at a 45 degree angle, that quick, just there and gone. That quick. And it was as though that was the end of it.

"But, three days later the entire company of men had to be evacuated by ambulance. They had to cut roads in there and haul them out. They were too weak to walk. They had dysentery. Then subsequently, when the doctors did see them, they had an extremely high white blood cell count which the doctors could not account for.

"Now in the military, especially the Army, each day you file a company report. We had a confab about that. Do we file it in the report or not? And the consensus was 'No.' Because they'd lock every one of us up and think we were crazy. At that time, no such thing as a UFO had ever been heard of, and we didn't know what it was.

"I still don't know what it was. But I do know that since that time I have periods of disorientation, memory loss, and I dropped from 180 pounds to 138 pounds after I got back to this country. And I've had great difficulty keeping my weight up. Indeed, I'm retired and disabled today."

-----

GI Fires Upon an Unidentified Aerial Object

Following is a transcript of an interview between Mr. Francis P. Wall, a private first class in the U.S. Army during the Korean War and Mr. John Timmerman who is Project Manager for the photo exhibit of the J. Allen Hynek Center for UFO Studies in the Fall of 1987. It has not been edited in any way. This interesting event began at dusk and ended at about 9 pm local time. Go to NICAP - GI Fires Upon an Unidentified Aerial Object

American Pilots Report UFOs over Korea

This chapter presents 30 UFO sighting reports that were made by U.S. Air Force, Navy, and Marine pilots during the war. They are interesting because they show that the UFO was capable of out performing the combat aircraft the U.S. had at that time. Go to NICAP - American Pilots Report UFOs over Korea

Ground Observers Report UFOs

This chapter presents a number of UFO sighting reports obtained from project Blue Book files which involved observers on the ground. That such sightings continued long after the Korean War is shown by an interesting case which took place in 1974 which was reported by Stringfield (1977). Go to Ground Observers Report UFOs

-----

Korean UFOs

Whether you believe in aliens or not, mysterious objects have been seen buzzing the skies of Korea. A simple Internet search will reveal hundreds of Korean UFO home pages. So far, no crashes. No abductions. But that doesn't mean you can shelve your camera.

Seo Jong-han has dedicated 20 years to studying, tearing apart, and occasionally verifying the twenty or so UFO photographs that crop up every year. Apart from his day job as computer game developer, Seo is a member of the Korea UFO Research Association (KUFORA), a small group of analysts that subjects each reported sighting in Korea to close, computer-aided scrutiny.

"When I was in the fifth grade, I read a magazine called 'Boys Central.' They had articles about UFOs every month, and I just got curious about it," Seo said.

Each photo is examined through a computer for traces of forgery. Seo compares the reflection of sunrays in the photograph to the alleged position of the photographer at the time it was taken. He checks astronomical charts to see if planets, shooting stars or solar flares were visible. He considers the testimony of the photographer and looks for inconsistencies in the reports of other witnesses. He then sends the survivors to another researcher in Japan for a second opinion.

"Ninety-nine percent of the photos I get are fakes," Seo said.

Korea has a long history of UFO sightings. During the Korean War, both American and Korean pilots reported encounters with flying saucers. In March 1979, two Korean Air Force pilots participating in the Team Spirit joint military exercise reported seeing a "very bright, lighted plane." Nothing appeared on their radar screens.

The pilots alleged that the ship had flashing lights on the sides and what looked like a "burning furnace" in the middle. It then reportedly shot sideways, stopped, and then moved rapidly upwards and out of sight.

In 1982, people reported three separate sightings, making it the "year of the UFO" in Korea.

Having studied each case in minute detail, Seo shared the lessons learned from his successful UFO observation with The Korea Herald. It's not enough to just set up a camera, he explained. To ensure that your photo survives scrutiny, it's important to use the proper techniques.

The best method Seo recommends is using the eponymous technique developed by an American named John Bro. The "Bro Method" is designed to detect UFOs hiding in the sun's rays.

Take a video camera or timed camera and put it on a tripod. Place the tripod just under the eaves of a house or building, with the lens at an 80-degree angle.

The shadow of the eaves will fall over the camera, reducing glare and highlighting flying objects that would otherwise be obscured by the sun.

"UFOs often hide by placing themselves directly in front of the sun," Seo said. "With the Bro technique, you can still catch them on film."

As in real estate, location is key. Once a UFO is sighted, there's a good chance it can be seen again in the same area.

While UFOs have been seen all over South and North Korea, the best place to pitch a tripod is Kapyeong, in Gyeonggi Province. With two UFO sightings and a slew of military bases in the area, Kapyeong is fertile ground for film.

Yangdong, in North Chungcheong Province, is another popular place for UFO hunters to stake out.

Seo went to Kapyeong after a reporter from the Munwha Ilbo photographed a UFO there, hovering in the sky. Seo shot his film at the exact spot the reporter stood. He claims the video, still under examination, caught a "moving cloud," which he believes is an alien spacecraft.

Finally, patience is something no researcher can work without. It might take years to get the shot, the reward for hundreds of rolls of film, moments of elation and disappointment, and endless public negativity.

"If you get a shot of a UFO, don't bother sending it to us," Seo said. "Sooner or later, they all wind up on my desk."

Seo says a UFO can be distinguished from an airplane or weather balloon by its rapid movement, its ability to turn on a dime and accelerate almost instantly. This violation of the law of physics, he says, is what leads most scientists to view UFOs as a phenomenon rather than an object of study.

Those who manage to get a rapidly moving object on film should not be disappointed if it doesn't look like a flying saucer. There are over ten identified classes of UFOs, some believed to be from different planets.

Among the most common UFO types reportedly seen across the country is the cigar, "load," type, also referred to as the "mother ship." There's also a "ball" type, triangular type, "clover with a dome" type, "round with a dome" type and "half a sphere" model. A Korean Web site, www.ufokorea.net, lists even more.

In competition with the multiple types of UFOs are multiple types of non-UFOs. Pictures of planets, dragonflies, and the scourge of lens glare may have interesting imagery, but proof of unidentified flying objects they are not.

Using a string to lift a model around in front of a video camera may also get a few yuks, but won't fool a serious investigator. Clever use of the "copy" and "paste" functions on a computer may shock co-workers, but it's a shocking waste of time for KUFORA.

Of course, UFO research in Korea isn't limited to setting up a camera and biding one's time. A person can also set up a radar station and bide one's time.

The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) institute (http://setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu), based in the United States, connects computers from all over the world, allowing a person to monitor radio transmissions from space over the Internet.

The Mutual UFO Network (www.mufon.com) is another alien investigation organization operating internationally. MUFON members are trained to properly investigate sightings and reports of UFOs, feeding the information into a massive database. MUFON currently has no chapter in Korea, but with the growing list of sightings and believers, that could change soon.

With the Korean economy picking up, UFO sightings will get more common. With more leisure time, people take more trips. They go to beaches, mountains, resorts - and take lots of pictures. More people in more places taking more photos means more UFO sightings.

Seo says there have been no reported cases of alien abduction in Korea. People interested in mysterious airborne objects shouldn't worry about their safety when staking out famous sighting areas. The most important things in UFO hunting are technique, knowledge, and persistence. And luck.

World UFO Day, the anniversary of the Roswell Incident, is July 2. On July 2, 1947, a farmer in Roswell, New Mexico reportedly discovered the wreckage of a flying saucer, prompting widespread conspiracy theories. - Korea Herald - June 1, 2001
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Death Toll Rises to 9; Engineer Warned About ‘Major Structural Damage’ Before Condo Collapse





First off all of you likely live or have lived in a concrete highrise.  Can any of you go down into your parking garage and discover cement spauling or exposed rebar?  It really should not happen

This only occurs when a serious water damage event is underway.  It could be a broken pipe leaking into the interior cement pillars.  Yet allowed to progress for years inducing rust expansion and concrete failure

At least we can dismiss all the present speculation.  This is a sick building that failed



Death Toll Rises to 9; Engineer Warned About ‘Major Structural Damage’ Before Condo Collapse

BY JACK PHILLIPS
June 27, 2021 Updated: June 27, 2021

Rescue workers work in the rubble at the Champlain Towers South Condo is seen in Surfside, Fla., on June 25, 2021. (Gerald Herbert/AP Photo)

https://www.theepochtimes.com/mkt_breakingnews/five-dead-156-missing-in-florida-building-collapse-as-sister-building-could-be-evacuated_3876139.html?




The death toll from the collapse of a condominium tower near Miami, Florida, has risen to nine, Miami-Dade Mayor Daniella Levine Cava said Sunday.

Meanwhile officials released a report from 2018 that included a warning from an engineer about “major structural damage” and the tower needing $9 million in repairs.

More than 150 people remain missing following the collapse on June 24.

Now, a nine-page report from structural engineering firm Morabito Consultants in October 2018 was released (pdf) by the City of Surfside over the weekend, warning about the condition of the concrete structure.

“Abundant cracking and spalling of varying degrees was observed in the concrete columns, beams, and walls. Several sizable spalls were noted in both the topside of the entrance drive ramp and underside of the pool/entrance drive/planter slabs, which included instances with exposed, deteriorating rebar,” said the report. “Though some of this damage is minor, most of the concrete deterioration needs to be repaired in a timely fashion. All cracking and spalling located in the parking garage shall be repaired in accordance with the recommendations of ICRI [International Concrete Repair Institute].”


A nine-page report from structural engineering firm Morabito Consultants October 2018 was released by the City of Surfside, warning about the condition of the concreted. It included photos of the cracking. (City of Surfside)

Authorities said they harbored hope that the more than 150 people who are unaccounted for may still be alive as firefighters on Saturday were able to sift through the smoldering rubble of Champlain Towers South.

“The biggest thing now is hope,” Fire Chief Alan Cominsky said, according to Reuters. “That’s what’s driving us. It’s an extremely difficult situation.”

Authorities over the weekend identified four of the victims as Stacie Dawn Fang, 54; Antonio Lozano, 83; Gladys Lozano, 79; and Manuel LaFont, 54, reported The Associated Press.

Meanwhile, Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis said over the weekend that he has spoken to Surfside Mayor Charles Burkett and is considering evaluating the nearby Champlain Towers North, regarded as a sister building to Champlain Towers South.

That sister building, the governor told reporters, “was built at the same time and with the same designer.” Previously, DeSantis made an emergency declaration over the collapse, which was then authorized by President Joe Biden


.


Rescue personnel work in the rubble at the Champlain Towers South condo, in Surfside, Fla., on June 25, 2021. (Gerald Herbert/AP Photo)

In another interview, Burkett told CNN that he has recommended the sister building be evacuated pending a thorough structural investigation.

“Because I don’t think people need to live with the possibility or the thought that their” building may collapse, Burkett added. “It had the same developer, it probably had the same materials, they probably had the same plans, and people are asking me is the building safe, and I can’t tell them it is safe,” he said.

According to the Morabito Consultants report, the release of the 2018 cost estimate followed the earlier publication of another document from the firm showing the ground floor pool deck of the building was resting on a concrete slab that had “major structural damage” and needed to be extensively repaired. That report also uncovered “abundant cracking and spalling” of concrete columns, beams, and walls in the parking garage.

The report did not warn of imminent danger from the damage, and it is unclear if any of the damage observed was responsible for the collapse of Champlain Towers South.

A resident of the building sued the owners of the Champlain Towers and alleged the outer walls were not being maintained. Matilde Fainstein filed for damages in the Miami-Dade Circuit Court and alleged the owners “failed to repair or negligently repaired the common elements and the outside walls of the building,” reported Business Insider last week.

And on June 25, what appears to be the first lawsuit related to last week’s partial collapse was filed. The Brad Sohn Law Firm confirmed it is suing the Champlain Towers on behalf of Manuel Drezner and others seeking $5 million in damages.

“According to public statements made by Defendant’s attorney Ken Direktor, ‘repair needs had been identified’ with regard to certain structural issues but had not been implemented; one of the most breathtakingly frightening tragedies in the history of South Florida followed,” said the complaint.

The Epoch Times has contacted the owners of the Champlain Towers for comment.
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Tuesday, June 29, 2021

The Real 'Resident Aliens' - Part IX




One unacknowledged aspect of the whole ET and UFO phenom is actual residence.  a large population of multple varieties of such beings can readily live externally to our own existence.  This ultimately takes hidden underground bases containing all their amenities.  Wde have already gathered plenty of indicators supporting subsea entry at the least.

Then we have the greys who look to be space adapted humanity dropping in from the future and the earth born reptilians who are deep underground as well.

It is amoung ourselves that we only have hints and some evidence of great disguises.  Again it is random sightings conforming to this MEME.  It should be obvious that some aliens can live amoung us and do.  They should anyway to gather data.


The Real 'Resident Aliens' - Part IX

Thursday, June 24, 2021

https://www.phantomsandmonsters.com/2021/06/the-real-resident-aliens-part-ix.html?


The Real 'Resident Aliens' - Part IX

By Raymond A. Keller, PhD, a.k.a. “Cosmic Ray,” the author of the international awards-winning Venus Rising Series, published by Headline Books and available on Amazon.com, while supplies last.



Aliens Are Landing in Flying Saucers


An interesting article in the 20 July 1974 issue of the National Star (New York City, New York) by Roger Langley, “Have UFOnauts Landed on Earth?” details how the world’s then foremost authority on UFOs, Dr. J. Allen Hynek, came to the conclusion that UFOs, for the most part, were manned vehicles from other planets and that in many cases involving the actual landing of UFOs, beings have been seen onboard the ships, disembarking from them or embarking into them. Hynek, an astrophysicist from Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, first became involved in UFO investigations when he was hired by the Air Force back in 1947 as a scientific consultant to investigate the phenomena for them under Project Sign (1947-1949), Project Grudge (1950-1951) and later Project Blue Book (1952-1969). In all the time that he was looking into UFOs on behalf of the United States Air Force, Hynek investigated more than 1,200 UFO landings; and in 300 of these cases, beings or creatures were reported in or around the craft.


In some of the more outstanding cases looked into by Hynek, there was or were:

• Two fishermen in Pascagoula, Mississippi, who swore that they were taken aboard a spaceship and examined by silvery-skinned creatures with no eyes.
• A police chief in Alabama, following a radio call to check out a possible flying saucer landing, took photos of a six-foot being in a metallic suit who ran off faster than the chief’s own police cruiser could possibly pursue it.
• An Italian engineer who photographed an alleged spaceman emerging from a flying saucer.
• An Anglican priest in Papua New Guinea who described in detail a UFO landing and some humanoids working on the top deck of the saucer-shaped craft.


Up until the closure of Project Blue Book in 1969, Hynek was bound to follow the Air Force directives to debunk the credibility of UFO reports on every occasion; but in 1974, as an independent scientific investigator, he was no longer bound by these restrictions. To this astrophysicist, it was beyond reason to dismiss all of these UFO reports as “lies, practical jokes, hallucinations, hypnotism or mad delusions,” as the honchos at the Air Force had insisted that he do when he worked on the various UFO projects with them. Back in October 1973, Hynek was down at Pascagoula in less than two days from the time that the two fishermen had reported their examination by strange creatures aboard a flying saucer. “It was a terrifying experience for the men,” Hynek told National Star reporter Langley, adding that, “They were very shaken. Neither of these men, Charles Hickson and Calvin Parker, had any sort of reputation as tellers of tall tales. I was impressed with their general sincerity. The general attitude in the town was that if Charles said it happened, it probably happened. I honestly believe that they believe that it happened. It might have been some sort of religious experience or something akin to that.”


Of course, since Hynek did not outright dismiss the two gentlemen as “kooks” upon hearing of their encounter, it is not hard to see why he would stand head and toes above other UFO investigators of his time, who were always quick to cast aspersions on the credibility of the witnesses while ignoring the details of the actual UFO report. In further discussing UFOnauts, flying saucer occupants and humanoid-like aliens, Hynek reinforced his objective stance by declaring, “I would gladly omit this part if I could without offense to scientific inquiry. Unfortunately, one may not omit data simply because they may not be to one’s liking or in line with one’s notions. We balk at reports about occupants even though we may be willing to listening attentively to accounts of other UFO encounters.


“Why? Why should a report of a car stopped on the highway by a blinding light from an unknown craft be any different in essential strangeness or absurdity from one of a craft from which two or three little animate creatures descend? There is no logical reason, yet I confess to sharing a prejudice that is hard to explain. Is it that encounters with animate beings, possibly with an intelligence of a different order than ours, gives a new dimension to our atavistic fear of the unknown?


“Another thing bothers us: The humanoids seem to be able to breathe our air and to adapt to our air pressure and gravity with little difficulty. Something seems terribly wrong about that. This would imply that they must be from a place, another planet, very much like our own. Perhaps our own?


“But how? Or are they robots, not needing to adapt to our environment? Our commonsense recoils at the very idea of humanoids and leads to much banter and ridicule, and jokes about little green men. They tend to throw the whole UFO concept into disrepute. Maybe UFOs could exist, but humanoids?


“Are all reporters of UFOs truly sick? Are they all affected by some strange virus that does not attack sensible people? It would be helpful, one feels, if we could demonstrate that reports of UFO landings differ systematically from other UFO sightings. Then we could, with some comfort, dismiss them. But they don’t, except that the relative number of cases with more than one witness is somewhat less; and that there are not as many observers having any degree of technical training.



“There are no pilots, air traffic controllers, radar operators or scientists who have reported humanoids, according to my records. There are, however, people holding other types of responsible positions: clergymen, policemen, electronics engineers, public servants, bank directors, military men, miners, farmers, technicians, mailmen, railroad engineers, medical doctors, etc. Clearly, it is not only kooks who report humanoids. Indeed, I do not know of a report of this kind to have come from a person of demonstrated mental imbalance.”


As to the fishermen from Pascagoula, Hynek explained that, “When I got there, within 48 hours of it happening, Charlie Hickson, the older of the two men, was still in a state of shock. He was a very shaken man. There was no doubt about it.”


Who could blame Hickson, or anyone else undergoing such a traumatic experience? After Hynek’s questioning of the two, the following is a summary of the events that transpired with Hickson and Parker on that fateful night of 11 October 1973:


On the date of the event, Charlie Hickson was 42 years old and Calvin Parker was 19 years old. They were both workers at the Walker Shipyards in Pascagoula, where Hickson was a foreman. Both of the men had excellent work records and neither was known to be a heavy drinker. After work hours, at around 7 p.m., the men decided to go fishing in the Pascagoula River off an old pier on the west bank. No sooner had they reached the desired location, that they noticed a strange aircraft up in the sky that seemed to be emitting a bluish haze. The object began moving closer until it was hovering about three or four feet above the water.


“Then,” Hickson claims, “three ‘whatever-they were’ came out, either floating or walking, and carried us into the ship. The things kept us about 20 minutes, photographed us and then took us back to the pier. The only sound they made was a buzzing-humming sound. They left in a flash.”
The fishermen described the entities as being “eyeless, silver-skinned humanoids.” Each of the beings had a slit for a mouth and three, carrot-like protrusions instead of a nose and ears. Parker says that he fainted when he first espied the three humanoid creatures climbing out of their spacecraft; and he did not regain consciousness until he had been released back onto the pier. That night, after their release by the aliens, they reported the incident to Captain Glen Ryder of the Pascagoula Sheriff’s Department. Ryder questioned the men; and at first, he thought that they were playing some kind of joke on him. The captain called in some other deputies on duty that night and to assist him in further questioning the UFO experiencers, who had been separated, being placed in different rooms. “We did everything we knew to break their stories,” maintained Ryder, “but both of their stories fit. If they were lying to me, they should be in Hollywood.”


When Hynek arrived in Pascagoula he immediately went to the site of the fishermen’s UFO experience to see if he could find any physical evidence of the encounter. “I was hoping to find some disturbed ground or some broken tree branches or something like that,” said the scientist. Being more specific as to what that “something” might be, Hynek explained that “Something would indicate something physical- nuts and bolts- had been there. But I didn’t find anything. The whole thing had a sort of dream-like quality. No, dream-like isn’t quite correct. Incoherent would be better. I can think of no reason why these two men in rural Mississippi would fabricate such a story. They certainly were not going to gain anything from it. They got some notoriety, but they did not seem to be enjoying the attention. I don’t understand the Southern ways and mentality; but they struck me as extremely simple folks. They were without guile. Charlie just told the story in a very unassuming way.


“I would characterize this case as not as good as some of the other cases I have come across. It gained national prominence because of the abduction. But it must be taken in the context of the wave of cases being reported around that time. We (Hynek and the staff at the Center for UFO Studies, a non-profit organization established in Chicago, Illinois, in 1973, by Hynek, with himself as director) had about 1,000 or so cases during that period. This was just one of them. But it is the only case that we heard of that involved actual creatures.


“Charles Hickson kept asking me, ‘Do you think they’re coming back again? What did they want? Why did they pick me?’ He said it in all sincerity. I will say, and I’ll stick to it, that those guys were scared as hell. It was just as if they had been in a very gory automobile accident, a very traumatic experience that you are not capable of calmly describing all the detail. Your conscious mind tends to block out large parts of it, and this is exactly the impression I got from these two guys. They had undergone such a shocking thing that they could not put it exactly into words. Whatever happened to them definitely affected their rationality.”


The sheriff’s deputies did take statements from Hickson and Parker and then left them together in a room with a hidden tape recorder, thereby attempting to check out the veracity of their story. “That tape made when Charlie and Calvin thought they were alone was, I think, one of the most convincing things to me,” said Hynek. “To hear them talk to each other,” the experienced UFO investigator added, “it was obvious that there was no sign of collusion. And when Charlie left the room, one could hear Calvin praying to himself. He was saying things like, ‘Oh God, it’s awful. It’s hard to believe. I know there’s a god up there. Why did it happen to me?’ It was a real experience for them; but I can’t offer a shred of evidence that it was a real, solid, physical thing.”


The Pascagoula case also involved hypnosis. Dr. James Harder, a scientific consultant for the Aerial Phenomena Research Organization (APRO), a civilian UFO research group operating out of Tucson, Arizona, arrived on the scene at the request of Hynek. Harder, besides being an engineer at the University of California at Berkeley, was also an expert hypnotist and had previously assisted Hynek in several other UFO investigations. Harder hypnotized both of the men and was satisfied that their accounts of the incident checked out.



“The hypnotism added credence to their stories,” asserted Hynek, noting that, “Dr. Harder was quite successful in getting Charlie to describe his early birthday parties and other pleasant experiences from his past life. But whenever he approached the UFO experience itself, Harder would say, ‘Well now, Charlie, you’re not going to be disturbed. Everything is going to be fine. Be calm. Now tell us about the two men who fishing the other day on the Pascagoula River.’ Suddenly a tenseness would develop in Charlie’s body; and sweat would break out on his forehead. And it was pretty clear that whatever it was, he did not want to relive that experience. The fact that they would not talk about their experience while hypnotized strengthened my belief that for them, it had been an extremely traumatic experience, whatever it was.”


At Northwestern University, Hynek served as director of the Lindheimer Astronomical Research Center as well as the chair of the Astronomy Department, so anything he had to say about UFOs carried quite a bit of weight in influential circles. The fact that he placed so much importance on the UFO occupant sightings collected by Project Blue Book when he served as that government project’s scientific consultant, only served to heighten the credibility of those reports. During one of the busiest years at Blue Book, Hynek recalled that out of the thousands of UFO sightings that were reported that year, 48 of the cases involved landings, in which there were 12 cases where humanoids were sighted coming out or going into a landed object, usually the typical saucer-shaped craft. And apart from the official Air Force investigation that year, Hynek tallied 223 other humanoid cases coming in from various areas of the world, just from the files of one private UFO group, APRO.


But in returning to the Blue Book findings, Hynek pointed out that, “Two of the 48 landings were attributed to hallucinations; six were ascribed to the somewhat more vague term ‘psychological;’ two were ascribed to ‘unreliable report,’ which in Blue Book terminology really means crazy; six were ascribed to hoaxes, but on slim evidence; while the majority was attributed to ‘insufficient data,’ a favorite term with the Blue Book when it appeared that it would be too much trouble to acquire additional data. Generally, there was little or no follow-up in these cases. There were nine cases of reported landings of unknown aircraft; yet no attempt was made to ascertain further facts.”


Of the majority of reported cases that involved contact between the humanoids from outer space and Earthlings, Hynek lamented that they were not given sufficiently serious scientific consideration because there was only one individual UFO experiencer.


One of the more highly touted cases referred to often by Hynek was that of a police officer named Herbert Shirmer of Ashland, Nebraska. Shirmer insisted that he had a close encounter with aliens who took him aboard their flying saucer and even demonstrated to him how it functions. The Shirmer encounter took place on 3 December 1967, when a saucer-like object landed on, or hovered slightly above the highway, some 40 feet in front of him. The police officer watched the UFO, and then reported that it took off at a high speed. But when Shirmer filed his report, there were 20 minutes that he could not account for, no matter how hard he racked his brain. Dr. R. Leo Sprinkle, a professor of psychology at the University of Wyoming, who was also a state-certified hypnotist, was called in to examine the police officer. Incidentally, Dr. Sprinkle wrote the introduction to my first book in the Venus Rising series, Venus Rising: A Concise History of the Second Planet (Terra Alta, West Virginia: Headline Books, 2015), for which I am eternally grateful. As Dr. Sprinkle put Shirmer under hypnosis, the Nebraska police officer relived his UFO experience. Until he was hypnotized, Shirmer had no idea what had happened for 20 minutes of his life; but after the session with Dr. Sprinkle, the officer understood that he had actually been onboard an alien spaceship. Hynek was impressed with the Shirmer case; but like so many others, this one involved only one experiencer.


With respect to Shirmer, Hynek told National Star reporter Roger Langley that, “Officer Shirmer was hypnotized and told a fascinating story. But how does an impartial observer assess the reality of the situation? The man is not lying. For him, it was a very real experience.


“But what actually happened that night? Was it a real, nuts-and-bolts thing that you could see, or was it some strange paranormal thing? In a single-witness case, such as this, what can an investigator really do? If you told me you had a dream about purple peach trees last night, how could I substantiate it or prove it? This is the same problem with one-witness cases.”


Another case that attracted Hynek’s personal interest took place in Socorro, New Mexico, on 24 April 1964, and also involved a law enforcement officer, a New Mexico Highway Patrol Sergeant Lonnie Zamora. This was the first case that Hynek investigated in New Mexico, the “Land of Enchantment.” It concerned the highway patrolman’s encounter with an egg-shaped UFO that landed a little distance off the main state route in the vicinity of his hometown of Socorro. Officer Zamora was just about to wrap it up for the day. It was 5:45 p.m. and his shift was about to end in 15 minutes. Out of the blue, a speeder raced by Zamora’s position, moving like a “bat out of hell.” The patrolman was about to chase the speeder when suddenly there was a loud explosion coming from the rear. Also, when Lonnie Zamora heard the fierce clapping noise, he turned around just in time to catch sight of an eerie light blue flash of light that washed over him, his patrol car and the surrounding desert shrubbery.

Zamora followed in his patrol car a dirt path to a small shack about 200 feet back from the highway, whence the blue flash and the explosion emanated. That’s when he spotted the source of all the commotion, a shiny, ovular object descending from the sky with a smokeless blue and orange flame emitting from its underside. The officer described the object as resembling, “a car turned upside down…. standing on its radiator or trunk.” At this point, Zamora got out of his vehicle and started to approach the now landed object to within 100 feet on foot. Two personages in white coveralls had disembarked from the strange object. “One of these persons,” noted the highway patrolman, “seemed to turn and look straight at my car and seemed startled- seemed to quickly jump somewhat.”


Patrolman Zamora described the UFO occupants as “normal in shape, but possibly they were small adults or large kids.” The officer radioed for backup but continued to keep his distance from the object and the beings that descended from it. The oval-shaped UFO had no visible windows or even the seams for a doorway. It sat upon girder-like legs. The craft was marked, however, with a red insignia that was about two-an-a-half feet wide. The UFO occupants, on the other hand, were not going to remain in the area for long insofar as the armed patrolman was there observing their activities. In the next five minutes, the two aliens quickly terminated their activities, got back into their craft, and took off. Zamora witnessed the UFO quickly ascend and then move over a mountain in the distance, whence it quickly sped out of sight, but not out of mind. Just a few minutes after the aliens’ departure, fellow officer Sergeant Sam Chavez of the New Mexico State Police arrived at the scene in response to Zamora’s radio call for backup. Officer Chavez, while he did not see the object, did observe the still-smoldering brush the UFO had landed and taken off. He also noted four burn marks and four V-shaped depressions pushed into the ground where the object had rested. These impressions were between one and two inches deep and each one measured eighteen inches in length.

One of the chief skeptics of the era, Dr. Philip J. Klass, the editor of Aviation and Space Technology magazine, opined that Zamora had simply made up the whole story in order to increase tourism in the area. However, in a report submitted to the Central Intelligence Agency by the then director of the Air Force’s Project Blue Book, Major Hector Quintanilla, the highest military authority on the UFO phenomenon declared that, “There is no doubt that Lonnie Zamora saw an object which left quite an impression on him. There is also no question about Zamora’s reliability. He is a serious officer, a pillar of his church, and a man well-versed in recognizing airborne vehicles in this area. He was puzzled by what he saw, and frankly, so are we.” Keep in mind that the Bluebook director came to these conclusions based on the field research out in New Mexico conducted by Dr. J. Allen Hynek on his behalf.





Sergeant Lonnie Zamora witnesses landing and takeoff of oval-shaped UFO, to include its occupants. The officer also noted a bright red inscription on the side of the alien object. See https://i.ytimg.com/vi/ZUA_etT1GVI/hqdefault.jpg.

The revelation of Dr. Hynek’s involvement in the Zamora case was leaked in the 30 April 1964 edition of the News-Sun newspaper of Hobbs, New Mexico. Despite the official pronouncements by Project Bluebook personnel that there was no evidence linking UFOs to extraterrestrial spaceships, the Air Force’s overwhelming interest in this Socorro, New Mexico, UFO landing incident suggested otherwise. The “genie was out of the bottle,” so to speak, and getting him back in was not going to be an easy task.

Looking back on the Lonnie Zamora encounter, Hynek informed journalist Langley of the National Star that, “I visited the site several days after the actual incident and found landing marks and charred plants near where Zamora said the space craft had landed. Although there were other reported witnesses to the UFO in the area, only Officer Zamora, like Officer Schirmer, was in a position to have seen the occupants. At first, I tried to shake his story apart, but I couldn’t. I was impressed by the high regard in which Zamora was held by his fellow officers. Hynek noted that Zamora, like other people who claim to have had contact experiences with seemingly extraterrestrial beings associated with UFOs, remain “rock-ribbed” in their belief that their encounter was real.

Two years prior to the interview with Langley, Hynek had just come out with a book, UFO Experience (Chicago, Illinois: Henry Regency, 1972), in which he provided extensive background information on some of the more prominent cases he had investigated in his role as a scientific consultant to the Air Force for over 20 years. “The reason I called my book, the UFO Experience,” said Hynek, “was that after 20 years or so with the Air Force, I questioned many hundreds of people, and by and large, these people were convinced they had had an actual experience. They were puzzled. They tried to explain it to themselves by some logical way at first and couldn’t. Time and time again, they were very disappointed when I couldn’t give them an explanation. They had sort of the attitude, ‘You’re the one from the Air Force. You are supposed to know about these things.’ And when I said, ‘Well, look, I’m just as puzzled as you are; I don’t know what it was,’ they were really, generally quite disappointed.” While Hynek wished he could have done more to assure the anxious and inquiring minds of these UFO experiencers, he soon realized that he was faced with the challenge of overcoming formidable mental blocks these experiencers had built around themselves based on their deep-seated and often paranoid belief systems they were carrying around in life like so much unnecessary baggage.

Hynek explained: “I had a student at Northwestern who did a term paper on this very question. He sent out 100 questionnaires to people who had UFO experiences at least five years before. The questionnaire ran something like this: ‘Now, after five years, what do you think? Are you still puzzled? Have you found an explanation? Do you still talk about it?’
“He got some interesting results. He got about a 40 percent return, which is good for a questionnaire. And with only one exception, everyone was still puzzled. They still did not honestly know what they had seen; yet their belief in what they had seen remained unshaken.
“We are very glib about what we call real. When the Angel Gabriel appeared to the Virgin Mary and said that things were going to happen, was that real? Was it physically real?
“It was an experience. And when people have a religious experience of one sort or another, it is real to them. But maybe what we call real isn’t the complete story. Maybe there are other dimensions to reality that we do not appreciate.

“I know humanoid cases are more spectacular; but they simply have a lower credibility than others do. I don’t know exactly why that is so. Maybe solid citizens who have an experience like that would not report it, whereas they might be willing to report something that is less bizarre. One just never knows with humanoid reports whether the creature actually produced an image on the witness’ retina or whether it was a just a plain, first-class hallucination. Only when you have cases where there has been damage on the ground do you have something solid and physical to go on.”


**********


(Editor’s Note: Keep reading this series for Part X of the Cosmic Ray’s Real “Resident Aliens,” where Dr. Keller examines the mysterious linkages that persons with Rh-negative blood have with extraterrestrial beings. - Lon)

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How the Santa Fe Railroad Changed America Forever




The building of railways was the seminal event dominating the last half of the nineteenth century. So yes, it made both the USA and Canada continental powerhouses in their own right while opening up vast tracts of farm land.

Thet really changed everything.

It was folowed by a strong immigration influx as well which increased populations.


How the Santa Fe Railroad Changed America Forever

The golden spike made the newspapers. But another railroad made an even bigger difference to the nation

Visionary executive William Barstow Strong led the second transcontinental line, the Santa Fe, in the 1880s, paving the way for thousands of miles of track. (Illustration by Matthew Richardson)
By John Sedgwick

SMITHSONIAN MAGAZINE | SUBSCRIBE

JULY/AUGUST 2021

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/santa-fe-railroad-changed-america-forever-180977952/

When the railroad tycoon Leland Stanford slammed home the fabled golden spike at Promontory Point, Utah, in May 1869, to join the Central Pacific to the Union Pacific and complete the country’s first transcontinental railroad, the news electrified the country. A single word dispatched by telegram to the newspapers—“DONE!”—set off brass bands and bell-ringing across the United States. The new venture, the Pacific Railway, was a heroic achievement, but it was hardly an immediate commercial success, in part because it was never really meant to be: President Abraham Lincoln authorized the undertaking back in 1862 primarily to unite East and West in the hope of making a stronger Union once the Civil War was over.


Yet on that score, too, it fell short, leaving the job of unifying the country to the second transcontinental, the Santa Fe, started in Kansas in 1863. Whereas the Pacific Railway relied heavily on federal grants, the Santa Fe raised most of its funds privately. It reached the Pacific in 1887—and helped turn the United States into a single economic powerhouse, linking the industrialized East, the Midwestern heartland and the agricultural glories of the West Coast, all joined in a common market. Still, for some strange reason, the Santa Fe has never received a fraction of the credit that has gone to the Pacific Railway.


Created by an act of Congress, the Pacific Railway proved to be the Apollo program of its day, a massive publicly funded project that existed largely to demonstrate an important point: A railroad could indeed make it to San Francisco.


A diesel electric locomotive pulls a train of passenger cars on the Santa Fe, described by Fortune in 1948 as the top U.S. railroad. (Getty Images)

This was a remarkable accomplishment, but Congress didn’t know what to do with the line once it got there. Promoters paid little attention to building up the freight and passenger traffic needed to succeed financially. Northern congressmen, seeking to retain the benefits of the line for the Union, ensured that it crossed the continent at Chicago’s latitude; the placement exposed the tracks to blizzards that would halt trains for weeks, and sent them through some of the West’s more desolate terrain, well away from the majesty of the Rocky Mountains that might have been attractive to tourists and mining interests alike. In addition, the Pacific initially lacked intersecting “feeder” lines, which would have contributed valuable passengers and freight. And most of the towns that sprang up along the railway were of the “hell-on-wheels” variety, notorious for saloons and bordellos, that flourished only briefly as town-by-town track-laying moved on.

The Santa Fe was different. It tried to choose routes that would generate the traffic to cover construction costs, and it selected sites that were likely to grow after the rail arrived. The company acquired open land at low cost—and then sold it at a nice markup after the rail line enhanced the land’s value. Railroad executives chose the town site, laid out squared-off streets, and often ran their tracks down the middle to create a “right” side (with respectable businesses) and a “wrong” side (with the saloons). It placed its railroad station in the center of town. Unlike the hell-on-wheels towns, Albuquerque and El Paso were built to last.




Pullman cars in Laguna Pueblo, New Mexico, in 1900. The nearby rail station was built while extending the line from Albuquerque to Gallup. (Getty Images)

A corporation in the modern style, the Santa Fe was funded by private investors and run by a professional manager, William Barstow Strong, a veteran railroad man with kindly eyes and an Old Testament beard that ran well down his chest. A big believer in big, he operated by one principle. “A railroad to be successful must also be a progressive institution,” he wrote. By progressive he did not mean politically. “It cannot stand still....If it fails to advance, it must inevitably go backward and lose ground already occupied.” His answer to every business question was to lay down track, and then lay down some more.

The Santa Fe was nonetheless beset by challenges. In the early days, when financing was uncertain, it was slow to lay track across Kansas. When it finally reached Colorado in 1873, the state was still so empty—Denver was the only city of any size, its population roughly 5,000—and much of the terrain still so uncharted, it was hard to know where to place tracks. Worse for the Santa Fe, it came into the state near the tiny trading center of Pueblo, a hundred miles south of Denver.

The leading treatise on this subject in Strong’s day, Arthur Mellen Wellington’s The Economic Theory of the Location of Railways, strongly advised against building any line that didn’t lead to or from a well-populated city. By “well populated,” Wellington meant a New York or Boston, and certainly not Pueblo. Moreover, the Santa Fe did not have Colorado all to itself. A rival company, the Denver and Rio Grande, had started in Denver back in 1872 with the idea of following the Rio Grande River to reach the Pacific in Mexico. It was presided over by a dashing Civil War hero, the Union Gen. William J. Palmer. Over the next decade, Strong and Palmer engaged in a heady game of spy versus spy, tracking each other’s movements, intercepting telegrams and decoding messages, and, at one point, even disguising a surveyor as a Mexican shepherd complete with sheep to make topographical measurements in secret. Each sought to claim not just Colorado, but the entire Southwest out to California, as well as Mexico.



It was in the 1946 movie about fun-loving waitresses at railway-handy Harvey House restaurants that Judy Garland sang “On the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe.” (Getty Images)

In the course of their competition, they came into direct conflict at a variety of places. In the Royal Gorge outside of Pueblo, they fought perhaps the biggest railroad war in U.S. history, as each man sought exclusive access to one of the richest silver mines in the west, at Leadville. Each side raised an army of ragtag soldiers to scare the other off, and nearly as many lawyers. The war ran two years, and didn’t end until Jay Gould, the godlike robber baron who dominated the railroad industry, personally pressed for a “treaty” that would grant Leadville to the Rio Grande and the open territory to the south to the Santa Fe. With each side bleeding money, and both threatened by Gould’s ability to drive them out of business, they agreed.

That looked like a bitter defeat for the Santa Fe—until the Rio Grande’s silver was soon exhausted, while the land of the Southwest increased in value once it was reached by rail. At the same time Strong was building west from Kansas, he was also building east, reaching Chicago in 1886, making it the westward gateway to the destinations the Santa Fe was adding. The most desirable of these was Los Angeles, which the Santa Fe reached in 1887. As it happened, another line was already in Los Angeles by then: the Southern Pacific, an outgrowth of the earlier Central Pacific, which ran its own line to Chicago through its hub in San Francisco. The Santa Fe’s arrival sparked a frenzied rate competition with the Southern Pacific, each side trying to undercut the other, that ultimately dropped the price of a $125 ticket from Chicago to Los Angeles down to a single, solitary dollar.

Passengers flooded to Los Angeles, boosting the population of the once-sleepy town from roughly 11,000 in 1880 to at least 50,000 by 1890. The speed of this growth set a Los Angeles record that has never been equaled, and dozens of other nearby cities such as Pasadena, San Bernardino and Riverside shot up with it. A brand-new word appeared to capture the real estate explosion—“Boom!”—usually with exclamation mark attached.


The Santa Fe’s arrival created Southern California as a coveted destination for Easterners and Midwesterners, and marked the culmination of the famous injunction to “Go west!” Fevered promoters marketed greater Los Angeles as paradise, and it pretty much was: a place of eternal sunshine, studded with exotic palm trees and bright with roses year-round. It was an Eden from which navel oranges could be shipped in the Santa Fe’s ventilated or refrigerated boxcars to delight Americans everywhere. “The Santa Fe made Southern California,” says Richard White, a railroad historian. “And Southern California made the Santa Fe.”


The first Santa Fe depot, in Ponca City, Oklahoma. (BNSF Railway)

The railroad’s success had other consequences. It helped to double Chicago’s population in the 1880s, making it the nation’s lumberyard and stockyard in the process. Chicago’s central location inspired a sales innovation, the Montgomery Ward & Co. mail-order catalog, founded in 1872, which delivered by train goods from anywhere directly to customers everywhere, skipping retail stores and allowing Americans to get in on the latest big-city fashions. After the Santa Fe arrived in Chicago, the catalog fattened up to more than 240 pages, offering an astounding 10,000 items.

With the line at full steam between two burgeoning cities, the Santa Fe gave rise to another innovation that would become a fixture of the American landscape: the chain restaurant. In partnership with New York restaurateur Fred Harvey, high-end Harvey House eateries appeared every hundred miles wherever the Santa Fe ran, serving a million meals a month early in the next century.


The Santa Fe played a seminal role in the success of the movie business, itself a force that shaped the national character. After a New Jersey filmmaker, David Horsley, arrived in Hollywood to make westerns in the year-round sunshine early in the new century, D.W. Griffith and Cecil B. DeMille followed, making Los Angeles the dream factory for the nation.

As for Strong himself, the real dreammaker, he was forced to resign from the Santa Fe in 1889—his ambitious track-laying had outpaced the company’s revenues. Although raised in the Midwest, Strong retired in Los Angeles, settling in a modest bungalow. In declining health, he died there on August 3, 1914, at age 77. His obituary in the Los Angeles Times mentioned little about Strong’s railroad career, noting instead that he had a “forceful handshake” that suggested a “gratuitous humanity.”

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Pluto’s Red Patches Are Mystifying Scientists





How we can declaim away on the basis of a flyby escapes me, but we have been doing that forever.  Recall those vast dust soils on the moon?

We will one day get there and set up a research base.

Yet we will never learn our lesson and to hold on the gratuitous speculation.


Pluto’s Red Patches Are Mystifying Scientists

A new study suggests there’s more to the dwarf planet’s rust-colored deposits than meets the eyeThe bright red regions were thought to be caused by molecules known as tholins, or organic compounds that rain down onto the surface after cosmic rays or ultraviolet light interact with the methane in Pluto's surface and atmosphere. (NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI )

By Elizabeth Gamillo

SMITHSONIANMAG.COM

JUNE 24, 2021 2:41PM



https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/plutos-red-patches-are-mystifying-scientists-180978057/?

In 2015, NASA's New Horizons spacecraft snapped the first close-up photos of Pluto and its surrounding moons during a historic fly-by. The images revealed Pluto's vivid, eye-catching terrain and a large, maroon patch sweeping across nearly half of the dwarf planet's equator, the Cthulhu Macula. The bright, red regions were thought to be caused by molecules known as tholins, which are organic compounds that rain down onto the surface after cosmic rays or ultraviolet light interact with the methane in Pluto's surface and atmosphere.


A new study published in the journal Icarus suggests tholins alone may not be the only cause of the red patches, reports Michelle Starr for Science Alert. More research is needed to identify the exact combination of factors influencing Pluto's coloration.


The dwarf planet's atmosphere comprises a hazy, thin layer of nitrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide. One of Pluto's prominent features is the heart-shaped glacier towards the right side of the dwarf planet, also known as the Sputnik Planitia. The region is vaporized during the day, freezes over each night, and may play an essential role in Pluto's weather patterns. To the left of Pluto's heart-shaped plain is the mud red Cthulhu Macula.

To further understand what gives the Cthulhu Macula it's signature red color, scientists at the Delft University in the Netherlands created tholins in their laboratory. The team recreated Pluto's atmosphere in a chamber and then blasted it with plasma to mimic radiation in space, reports Victor Tangermann for Futurism. The low-density cloud of atmospheric gases reacted with the plasma by condensing into dust-like particles, reports Leah Crane for New Scientist.

The researchers then shined a light on the artificial tholins and compared them on how Pluto's surface reflects and absorbs light based on readings the New Horizons spacecraft took, reports Science Alert. The lab-created tholins did not match the observed conditions on Pluto. The artificial tholins absorbed some light that the red regions on the dwarf planet did not. However, this discrepancy does not mean that Pluto's red patches do not contain tholin, but instead suggests another factor contributes to the differences in light absorption in addition to tholin, reports Science Alert.


The study authors have hypothesized several potential causes to investigate in future research. First, they suggest space radiation may be darkening the Cthulhu Macula and changing the way it absorbs light, per Science Alert.



Another reason for the mismatch may be that the texture of Pluto's surface is more porous than expected. The New Horizons spacecraft did not detect methane ice near the red regions, but seasonal methane frosts may occur that the spacecraft did not catch, per Science Alert. Ice in these regions could explain changes in color. When a substance sits on top of an icy surface and some of the ice turns into vapor, the porous structure left behind may affect how light is absorbed or reflected on the surface, which in turn affects the substance's light spectrum, per New Scientist.

Pluto's weak gravity may also create a thin layer of tholins, resulting in its porosity, Futurism reports.

"Given that Pluto is pretty small and has weak gravity, it might be that if you're depositing very small particles in very weak gravity, you might end up with a porous surface," study author Marie Fayolle, an aerospace engineer at the Delft University of Technology, tells New Scientist. "It might be more like a fluffy, porous snow that isn't packed down."

More research is needed to pin down the exact cause of Pluto's red plains. The team is planning future experiments using the tholins to explain further what is causing the Cthulhu region's signature red deposits and could help explain how the Pluto’s surface interacts with its atmosphere, per Science Alert.

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arclein
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
18 years old, having cleaned out my HS library, I concluded the only ambition worth having was becoming a great genius. An inner voice cheered. Yet it is my path I have shared much to the Human Gesalt. Mar 2017 - 4.56 Mil Pg Views, March 2013 - Posted my paper introducing CLOUD COSMOLOGY & NEUTRAL NEUTRINO described as the SPACE TIME PENDULUM. Sep 2010 -My essay titled A NEW METRIC WITH APPLICATIONS TO PHYSICS AND SOLVING CERTAIN HIGHER ORDERED DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS has been published in Physics Essays(AIP) June 2010 quarterly. 40 years ago I took an honors degree in applied mathematics from the University of Waterloo. My interest was Relativity and my last year there saw me complete a 900 level course under Hanno Rund on his work in Relativity. I continued researching new ideas and knowledge since that time and I have prepared a book for publication titled Paradigms Shift. I maintain my blog as a day book and research tool to retain data, record impressions, interpretations and to introduce new insights to readers.
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