This is really interesting. Considering that I am modeling all photons as bundles of two dimensional ribbons that can combine end to end or side edge to side edge and may even be in the form of loops as well in the free form.
Such a construction allows a ray to be expanded easily into a tube. That the ribbons likely spiral around the axis is also a natural consequence. Again new work continues to fit nicely in to my body of conjectures in suggestive ways.
This also explains how easy it is to use encoded photons to inscribe electrons and inscribed electrons to produce encoded photons. That was my next troublesome question and what i needed to know is just handed to us..
A New Form of Light
Physicists from Trinity College Dublin's School of Physics and the
CRANN Institute, Trinity College, have discovered a new form of
light, which will impact our understanding of the fundamental nature
of light.
http://phys.org/news/2016-05-physicists.html
One of the measurable characteristics of a beam of light
is known as angular
momentum. Until now, it was thought that in all forms of light
the angular momentum would be a multiple of Planck's constant (the
physical constant that sets the scale of quantum effects).
Now, recent PhD graduate Kyle Ballantine and Professor Paul
Eastham, both from Trinity College Dublin's School of Physics, along
with Professor John Donegan from CRANN, have demonstrated a new form
of light where the angular momentum of each photon (a particle of
visible light) takes only half of this value. This difference, though
small, is profound. These results were recently published in the
online journal Science Advances.
Commenting on their work, Assistant Professor Paul Eastham said:
"We're interested in finding out how we can change the way light
behaves, and how that could be useful. What I think is so exciting
about this result is that even this fundamental property of light,
that physicists have always thought was fixed, can be changed."
Professor John Donegan said: "My research focuses on
nanophotonics, which is the study of the behaviour of light on the
nanometer scale. A beam of light is characterised by its colour or
wavelength and a less familiar quantity known as angular momentum.
Angular momentum measures how much something is rotating. For a beam
of light, although travelling in a straight line it can also be
rotating around its own axis. So when light from the mirror hits your
eye in the morning, every photon twists your eye a little, one way or
another."
"Our discovery will have real impacts for the study of light
waves in areas such as secure optical communications."
Professor Stefano Sanvito, Director of CRANN, said: "The
topic of light has always been one of interest to physicists, while
also being documented as one of the areas of physics that is best
understood. This discovery is a breakthrough for the world of physics
and science alike. I am delighted to once again see CRANN and Physics
in Trinity producing fundamental scientific research that challenges
our understanding of light."
To make this discovery, the team involved used an effect
discovered in the same institution almost 200 years before. In the
1830s, mathematician William Rowan Hamilton and physicist Humphrey
Lloyd found that, upon passing through certain crystals, a ray of
light became a hollow cylinder. The team used this phenomenon to
generate beams of light with a screw-like structure.
Analysing these beams within the theory of quantum mechanics they
predicted that the angular momentum of the photon would be
half-integer, and devised an experiment to test their prediction.
Using a specially constructed device they were able to measure the
flow of angular momentum in a beam of light. They were also able, for
the first time, to measure the variations in this flow caused by
quantum effects.
The experiments revealed a tiny shift, one-half of Planck's constant,
in the angular momentum of each photon.
Theoretical physicists since the 1980s have speculated how quantum
mechanics works for particles that are free to move in only two of
the three dimensions of space. They discovered that this would enable
strange new possibilities, including particles whose quantum numbers
were fractions of those expected. This work shows, for the first
time, that these speculations can be realised with light.
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