This work
outlines the population changes taking place in Europe. I do think that the core technology was settled
cattle husbandry early on. After all,
forests had to be burned out to produce pasture lands. The later advent of grain growers was likely
made possible by integration of the two cultures and this arrived from both
East and West and succeeded by increasing productivity and food security. Some of those pasture lands made the natural
transition into fields.
Thus our European
heritage has likely several hybridizations built in during the past several
thousands of years which is really quite a lot.
The movement of
peoples was obviously significant but also integration happened as well.
European origins
laid bare by DNA
10 October 2013 Last updated at 18:23 ET
DNA from ancient skeletons has revealed how a
complex patchwork of prehistoric migrations fashioned the modern European gene
pool.
The study appears to refute the picture of Europeans
as a simple mixture of indigenous hunters and Near Eastern farmers who arrived
7,000 years ago.
The findings by an international team have
been published
in Science journal.
DNA was analysed from 364 skeletons unearthed in
Germany - an important crossroads for prehistoric cultures.
"This is the largest and most detailed genetic
time series of Europe yet created, allowing us to establish a complete genetic
chronology," said co-author Dr Wolfgang Haak of the Australian Centre for
DNA (ACAD) in Adelaide.
"Focusing on this small but highly important
geographic region meant we could generate a gapless record, and directly
observe genetic changes in 'real-time' from 7,500 to 3,500 years ago, from the
earliest farmers to the early Bronze Age."
Dr Haak and his colleagues analysed DNA extracted
from the teeth and bones of well-preserved remains from the Mittelelbe-Saale
region of Germany. They focused on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) - the genetic
information in the cell's "batteries".
When you look at today's populations, what you are
seeing is a hazy palimpsest of what actually went on to create present-day
patterns”
MtDNA is passed down from a mother to her children,
allowing geneticists to probe the maternal histories of populations.
Geneticists recognise a variety of mitochondrial DNA "clans", or
lineages, in human populations. And each of these lineages has its own distinct
history.
The team's results show that indigenous
hunter-gatherers in Central Europe were edged out by incomers from Anatolia
(modern Turkey) some 7,500 years ago. A majority of the hunters belonged to the
maternal clan known as haplogroup U, whilst the farmers carried a selection of
genetic lineages characteristic of the Near East.
Around 6,100 years ago, farming was introduced to
Scandinavia, which coincided with the appearance of Neolithic mtDNA lineages in
that region too.
"In some ways agriculture was an obvious and
easy way to go in the Fertile Crescent. But once you take it out of there, it
involves an abrupt shift in lifestyle," said Dr Spencer Wells, director of
the Genographic Project and
an Explorer-in-Residence at National Geographic, adding that early agricultural
groups were living "on the edge".
"They were basically taking crops that had
evolved over millions of years in the Middle East and were adapted to that
dry-wet pattern of seasonality and moving them into an area that was recently
de-glaciated.
"It was no
trivial thing to transfer crops such as barley and rye to the northern fringes
of Europe."
Dr Wells thinks this precarious existence may be
reflected in the spread of the lactase persistence gene, which enables people
to digest milk into adulthood. Scandinavian populations have some of the
highest frequencies of this gene variant in Europe, and it appears to have
undergone strong natural selection in the last few thousand years - suggesting
milk had a key nutritional role and the ability to drink it conferred an
enormous advantage.
"What it implies is that the underlying
farming culture is not stable. They are literally teetering on the brink of
dying out," said Dr Wells. [ nonsense – the core husbandry was
cattle raising and barley was very much an adjunct to that. - arclein]
Indeed, something does seem to have happened to the
descendents of the first farmers in Central Europe. The DNA evidence shows that
about a millennium later, genetic lineages associated with these Near
Eastern pioneers decline, and those of the hunter-gatherers bounce back.
Climate change and disease are both possibilities, but the causes are a matter
for further investigation.
A second study, also
published in Science by Ruth Bollongino at the University of Mainz,
Germany and colleagues, implies that hunter-gatherer cultures persisted
alongside farming cultures for 2,000 years after the introduction of
agriculture to the region - with very little interbreeding between the two.
From 4,800 years ago, novel maternal lineages
spread into the region, associated with the emergence of the Corded Ware people
- who take their name from the inscribed patterns on their pottery.
The study suggests this culture was brought by
groups moving in from the East. Scientists compared the mtDNA types found in
Corded Ware people with modern populations and found distinct affinities with
present-day groups in Eastern Europe, the Baltic region and the Caucasus.
A few hundred years later, a counterpart of this
society swept in from the West. This ancient group, known as the Bell Beaker
Culture, was in part responsible for the spread of a mtDNA lineage called
Haplogroup H.
Largely absent from Central European hunters and
scarce in early Neolithic farmers, H remains the dominant maternal lineage in
Europe today and comparisons between the Bell Beaker people and modern
populations suggest they came from Iberia - modern Spain and Portugal.
"Our study shows that a simple mix of
indigenous hunter-gatherers and the incoming Near Eastern farmers cannot
explain the modern-day diversity alone," said co-author Guido Brandt, from
the University of Mainz.
"The genetic results are much more complex than
that. Instead, we found that two particular cultures at the brink of the
Bronze Age 4,200 years ago had a marked role in the formation of Central
Europe's genetic makeup."
Spencer Wells explained: "When you look at
today's populations, what you are seeing is a hazy palimpsest of what actually
went on to create present-day patterns."
Dr Haak concurs: "None of the dynamic changes
we observed could have been inferred from modern-day genetic data alone,
highlighting the potential power of combining ancient DNA studies with
archaeology to reconstruct human evolutionary history."
1 comment:
Ironic that as scientists announce their research on European origins; European lethal nuclear technology, globally deployed and coerced, has created a possible extinction level event, Fukushima, which may all but annihilate Europeans, indeed the entire human species, and most life forms.
One can only marvel at the vast capacity for scientific minds to compartmentalize reality, to the point of near delusion; as they ignore and sedate the public, from full realization of the horrors of Fukushima, an ELE, Extinction Level Event, uncontained, possibly unsolvable, and horrifically worsening each day.
Imagine the altered or is it deranged consciousness; of high IQ scientists, who are invested in European Origins, as Europeans, and the human species, proceeds down the path of human extinction; as the Pacific Ocean dies, signaled by mass die offs; biosphere collapse, rising cancer and mortality rates, and sick and dying children.
The present need is for all scientists, everywhere, to prioritize, break from the military industrial complex and nuclear industry; and make a courageous stand for the human species, in the hopes, we have not yet entered the point of no return. Even if the window of opportunity has closed for humanity, let it be written on our tombstones, that we attempted an about face, while confronting the threat of extinction. STOP ALL NUCLEAR IMMEDIATELY !
Your labor intensive research and publishing, is NOT, what is needed by humanity at this time. It's like discussing one's lineage as one's house is burning down, and it's occupants on fire, and expiring.
If scientists globally, cannot summon the courage, to tell us the full truth; to collectively separate from the power elites, and military complex, to push back, and resist; then at least don't divert our attention from our impending deaths, with our DNA origins....DNA now all but damaged and altered, soon to form hideous mutations, and exponential cancer and disease rates.
If only you had a smidgeon of the courage, integrity, and leadership demonstrated by Christopher Busby, Dr Caldicott, Yochi Mochizuki, and a few others..but you've established, that few do; which is why humanity is now in great peril, and possibly doomed.
Your efforts are not entirely wasted, as there are millions of your deluded and hypnotized masses, who will value, your research, reflecting upon their European origins, on their way to their next Fukushima induced, cancer treatment, or relative's funeral.
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