Lithium Battery Breakthrough

This news could not be better in terms of energy storage technologies. We now have a way to manufacture a composite using nano sized carbon fibers which is also non reactive and permits simple wicking of other substances. We can do this with molten sulphur but what is to stop us from doing the same with any and all other molten elements.

Recall that carbon and here we are working with elemental carbon has the highest melting point of any and all elements. I made use of that obscure fact to argue the existence of a carbon layer slip plane between the earth’s crust and the core. The same fact allows us to create full range of carbon based composites with the various elements.

Thus a woven carbon sheet might be dipped in molten titanium to form an advanced material superior to anything otherwise possible.

This and previously reported advances in lithium battery technology is speeding us toward the super battery that is a full order of magnitude superior to what is now possible.

It used to be that a bright young mind could tear apart a device and sort of figure out how it might work. That day is long past. Now we will be confronted with products whose critical structure will be invisible even under a microscope. Sort of like an UFO.

Major Breakthrough In Lithium Battery Technology

by Staff Writers
Ontario, Canada (SPX) May 21, 2009


http://www.energy-daily.com/reports/Major_Breakthrough_In_Lithium_Battery_Technology_999.html

An NSERC-funded lab at the University Of Waterloo has laid the groundwork for a lithium battery that can store and deliver more than three times the power of conventional lithium ion batteries.

The research team of professor Linda Nazar, graduate student David Xiulei Ji and postdoctoral fellow Kyu Tae Lee are one of the first to demonstrate robust electrochemical performance for a lithium-sulphur battery. The finding is reported in the on-line issue of Nature Materials.

The prospect of lithium-sulphur batteries has tantalized chemists for two decades, and not just because successfully combining the two chemists delivers much higher energy densities.

Sulphur is cheaper than many other materials currently used in lithium batteries. It has always showed great promise as the ideal partner for a safe, low cost, long lasting rechargeable battery, exactly the kind of battery needed for energy storage and transportation in a low carbon emission energy economy.

"The difficult challenge was always the cathode, the part of the battery that stores and releases electrons in the charge and recharge cycles," said Dr. Nazar. "To enable a reversible electrochemical reaction at high current rates, the electrically-active sulphur needs to remain in the most intimate contact with a conductor, such as carbon."

The Canadian research team leap-frogged the performance of other carbon-sulphur combinations by tackling the contact issue at the nanoscale level.

Although they say the same approach could be used with other materials, for their proof of concept study they chose a member of a highly structured and porous carbon family called mesoporous carbon. At the nanoscale level, this type of carbon has a very uniform pore diameter and pore volume.

Using a nanocasting method, the team assembled a structure of 6.5 nanometre thick carbon rods separated by empty three to four nanometre wide channels. Carbon microfibres spanning the empty channels kept the voids open and prevented collapse of the architecture.

Filling the tiny voids proved simple. Sulphur was heated and melted. Once in contact with the carbon, it was drawn or imbibed into the channels by capillary forces, where it solidified and shrunk to form sulphur nanofibres.

Scanning electron microscope sections revealed that all the spaces were uniformly filled with sulphur, exposing an enormous surface area of the active element to carbon and driving the exceptional test results of the new battery.

"This composite material can supply up to nearly 80 percent of the theoretical capacity of sulphur, which is three times the energy density of lithium transition metal oxide cathodes, at reasonable rates with good cycling stability," said Dr. Nazar.

What is more, the researchers say, the high capacity of the carbon to incorporate active material opens the door for similar "imbibed" composites that could have applications in many areas of materials science.

The research team continues to study the material to work out remaining challenges and refine the cathode's architecture and performance.

Dr. Nazar said a patent has been filed, and she is reviewing options for commercialization and practical applications.

Flare Gas Conversion Achieved

This is an exceptional development in improving oil field operations. All oil fields produce some gas, otherwise the oil is dead and usually refuses to flow. It is the dissolved gas that expands and pushes oil out of the pores and cracks in a geologic formation. That some of that gas can be a sulphur gas is never good news.

It appears that this process can take that messy blend of odds and ends and by consuming a little over fifty percent as fuel, it can produce a gasoline and byproducts out of impurities such as sulphur. The exhaust gas is clean CO2 that can be usually injected straight away back into the formation itself or into another formation.

This sounds like it is capable of handling the whole oil industry byproduct stream in one simple process and bypassing multiple stages which are barely justified in any field,

Many engineers have put their minds to this problem but no blanket solution was ever suggested except simply burning the gases. Perhaps that will now be ended.

Flame Off!: Turning Natural Gas Pollution into Gasoline

Rather than pollute the atmosphere by venting or flaring the natural gas that comes out of oil wells, a new technology would turn it into gasoline or other products

By Dave Biello

http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=turning-natural-gas-pollution-into-gasoline&sc=CAT_TECH_20090429id

As if burning oil and all of its derivatives wasn't bad enough for the environment, there's also the natural gas that bubbles up as the oil is pumped out. This byproduct cannot be easily harvested in many cases—some oil fields are far from pipelines that can transport it and other options are very expensive.

As a result, oil companies either release it into the atmosphere—a process known as venting—or burn it in a flare.Using either method produces gases that the atmosphere doesn't need more of: venting discharges methane, a potent greenhouse gas, whereas flaring generates carbon dioxide.

The World Bank estimates that the 5.3 trillion cubic feet (150 billion cubic meters) of natural gas that bubbles up at oil wells worldwide adds some 400 million metric tons of CO2 to the atmosphere each year—as well as more methane.

Existing technologies allow oil producers who cannot pump the natural gas into a pipeline to simply reinject it back underground, use it to generate electricity or, by installing a so-called Fischer–Tropsch conversion system, change the former nuisance gas into liquid fuel, among other options. But those approaches cost much more than the approximately 50 cents per thousand cubic feet (28 cubic meters) for flaring, and add up to millions of dollars for a large oil field.

A Fischer–Tropsch system, for example, starts at a billion dollars.Now a new process offers hope of turning that stranded natural gas into something useful and transportable instead: gasoline. Dallas-based company Synfuels International peddles a process that converts oil well emissions into the building blocks of plastics or fuel. Since 2005 the company has been running a demonstration plant in Texas and is in negotiations to put up its first commercial facility near Houston.

"Our process can go into oil fields and operate without the need for electricity or water to convert what otherwise would be flared gas into gasoline or it can be mixed with crude [oil] to increase quality and quantity," says Synfuels president Tom Rolfe.

"Any transportation fuel that is salable is really our end goal."Here is how it works: The natural gas is cracked with heat—produced by burning some of the natural gas to generate temperatures from 2,700 to 3,300 degrees Fahrenheit (1,480 to 1,815 degrees Celsius)—into acetylene, a simple hydrocarbon.

The acetylene is absorbed by a liquid solvent and then reacted to produce ethylene, a longer hydrocarbon chain that is the starting constituent of many plastics, detergents and other products. When liquid fuel is the goal, then the ethylene is chemically bound together to form even longer hydrocarbon chains that we know as gasoline or kerosene (jet fuel).

"We're still developing a process to produce diesel," Rolfe says.The process converts roughly 50 percent of the natural gas to acetylene—the other half is burned for the heat that drives the process, which still releases CO2 into the atmosphere—and nearly all of that acetylene to ethylene, and then ethylene to fuel.

"Overall conversion rates from the [natural] gas to fuel-grade liquids is as high as 46 percent in optimal, real-world conditions," Rolfe says—as good or better than established facilities employing Fischer-Tropsch, such as Johannesburg-based Sasol, Ltd.'s plants in South Africa.

The resulting fuel has no sulfur. (Sulfur and mercury are removed as solids and can be buried or converted to useful materials.) And, it can be directly used in cars or other vehicles in some countries. (In the U.S., air pollution regulations would make it necessary to ship it to a refinery for final processing or blend it with a less aromatic gasoline.)

"In a country like Saudi Arabia, you could fill your car up with the gas we make and drive away," Rolfe notes.

In the U.S. generating electricity or putting the natural gas into a pipeline often makes sense because of existing infrastructure.

But in Nigeria, for example, oil companies flare some 850 billion cubic feet (24 billion cubic meters) per year at oil platforms that have no need to generate electricity because of the platform's remote location and no pipelines to carry off the natural gas.

At such locations, Synfuels's process or Fischer–Tropsch could make financial sense. But the $150 million to $200 million that Rolfe says a Synfuels process plant will cost is just a fraction of the Fischer–Tropsch price.

"If there's no pipeline, you're just burning money [by flaring] and hurting the Earth," Rolfe notes.In addition, the Synfuels process can handle small volumes of natural gas—ranging from one to 300 million cubic feet (8.5 million cubic meters) per day.

That is important because most oil wells do not spew a lot of natural gas, which makes the Synfuels approach useful even at smaller fields.

Depending on the quality of the natural gas itself, the process can then make gasoline at a cost of roughly $31 to $63 per barrel (73 cents to $1.50 per gallon), depending on whether the natural gas is pure methane (more costly to transform) or has other hydrocarbons mixed in.

But the technology is not just useful for so-called stranded natural gas in the developing world; in Alaska, much natural gas is simply reinjected back into the oil wells from which it came either to boost oil production or simply avoid atmospheric venting or flaring.

"With Synfuels plants, if you captured and processed all the natural gas that is being reinjected and wasted today, you could make 550,000 barrels (87.5 million liters) of gasoline a day," Rolfe says.

That translates into money: Converting just 10 percent of the flared natural gas worldwide to gasoline sold at $70 per barrel would net $3.1 billion in revenue.

"From an environmental point of view, any use of natural gas is preferable to flaring," notes chemical engineer James Miller of Sandia National Laboratories. But "the economics would be highly dependent on what you do with the syngas components of this [process]."

"All of the syngas goes into heat or energy production," Synfuels chemist Ed Peterson says, and the company cuts down on cost by using such by-products to make energy and employing components built with cheaper steel alloyed with carbon as well as easy to maintain low pressures.

Within the next three years, the company hopes to build four such plants in the U.S., Trinidad and Tobago, Nigeria, and Iraq and is negotiating in Argentina, Australia, Kazakhstan and Kuwait.

"There's a huge impetus to stop gas flaring around the world," Peterson says. "This is just one of those ways."