Arctic CO2 Sequestration

The number quoted in the headline is rather surprising, but the text brings it back down to a more convincing 10 to 15%. This is still surprising. Natural land based CO2 sequestration happens in the Arctic and also in peat bogs or swamps world wide where oxygen is squeezed out of the decaying biomass.

Everywhere else CO2 is tied up in the living biomass but is recycling usually over a centuries. Recall that most carbon is tied up in soils and wood.

So besides the oceans absorbing CO2 and converting it into limestone for instance, land uses these two mechanisms to lock up surplus CO2.

I have already posted that the source of increasing CO2 in a post warming world was permafrost carbon release. We now understand that the Holocene is in the business of seeing off the remnants of the ice age. We can therefore anticipate that over the next 10,000 years, that at some point a warming climate will be able to actually warm the Arctic enough to provide a warm enough climate to allow the permafrost to even disappear. I think it is barely possible once the Sahara is fully reforested.

Such a world will likely transfer that permafrost carbon to that forest.

The take home lesson is that a warming climate is a natural generator of CO2 surplus to the biome’s ability to quickly absorb it. The warmer it gets, the more CO2 we will have to deal with.

Of course, this suggests that if the greenhouse gas theory has credence, then any greenhouse warming will have a huge multiplier effect. In short, an increase in anthropogenic CO2 causes an increment of global warming which then causes a major increment of CO2 release in the Arctic, which then causes an additional increase in global warming.

The good news is that if any such effect is real its magnitude continues to shrink as we better understand the various factors.

In fact we can make a rather important statement. This is a runaway feedback process. Once underway it must run to exhaustion until almost all the available CO2 is stripped from the Arctic. This also means that it could have been triggered many times by large volcanic CO2 release. I do not think that the geology quite supports such a scenario.

Therefore, geological work may be able to place upper bounds on the CO2 greenhouse effect that are much lower than presently been accepted.

In short, the tools exist that may make it possible to even outright disprove the CO2 hypothesis or come so close in terms of an upper bound as to render it meaningless.

Oct 15, 2009

Arctic now traps 25 percent of world's carbon – but that could change

The arctic could potentially alter the Earth's climate by becoming a possible source of global atmospheric carbon dioxide. The arctic now traps or absorbs up to 25 percent of this gas but climate change could alter that amount, according to a study published in the November issue of Ecological Monographs.

In their review paper, David McGuire of the U.S. Geological Survey and the University of Alaska at Fairbanks and his colleagues show that the Arctic has been a carbon sink since the end of the last Ice Age, which has recently accounted for between zero and 25 percent, or up to about 800 million metric tons, of the global carbon sink. On average, says McGuire, the Arctic accounts for 10–15 percent of the Earth's carbon sink. But the rapid rate of climate change in the Arctic – about twice that of lower latitudes – could eliminate the sink and instead, possibly make the Arctic a source of carbon dioxide.

"This study is another example of the important role played by USGS and its partners in providing the scientific research that must be the backbone of any actions related to climate change," said Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar.

Carbon generally enters the oceans and land masses of the Arctic from the atmosphere and largely accumulates in permafrost, the frozen layer of soil underneath the land's surface.

Unlike active soils, permafrost does not decompose its carbon; thus, the carbon becomes trapped in the frozen soil. Cold conditions at the surface have also slowed the rate of organic matter decomposition, McGuire says, allowing Arctic carbon accumulation to exceed its release.

But recent warming trends could change this balance. Warmer temperatures can accelerate the rate of surface organic matter decomposition, releasing more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Of greater concern, says McGuire, is that the permafrost has begun to thaw, exposing previously frozen soil to decomposition and erosion. These changes could reverse the historical role of the Arctic as a sink for carbon dioxide.

"In the short term, warming temperatures could release more Arctic carbon to the atmosphere," says McGuire. "And with permafrost thawing, there will be more available carbon to release."

On the scale of a few decades, the thawing permafrost could also result in a more waterlogged Arctic, says McGuire, a situation that could encourage the activity of methane-producing organisms. Currently, the Arctic is a substantial source of methane to the atmosphere: as much as 50 million metric tons of methane are released per year, in comparison to the 400 million metric tons of carbon dioxide the Arctic stores yearly. But methane is a very potent greenhouse gas – about 23 times more effective at trapping heat than carbon dioxide on a 100-year time scale. If the release of Arctic methane accelerates, global warming could increase at much faster rates.

"We don't understand methane very well, and its releases to the atmosphere are more episodic than the exchanges of carbon dioxide with the atmosphere," says McGuire. "It's important to pay attention to methane dynamics because of methane's substantial potential to accelerate global warming."

But uncertainties still abound about the response of the Arctic system to climate change. For example, the authors write, global warming may produce longer growing seasons that promote plant photosynthesis, which removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Also, the expansion of shrubs in tundra and the movement of treeline northward could sequester more carbon in vegetation. However, increasingly dry conditions may counteract and overcome these effects. Similarly, dry conditions can lead to increased fire prevalence, releasing even more carbon.

McGuire contends that only specific regional studies can determine which areas are likely to experience changes in response to climate change.

"If the response of the arctic carbon cycle to climate change results in substantial net releases of greenhouse gases, this could compromise proposed mitigation efforts for controlling the carbon cycle," he says.

The article, Sensitivity of the Carbon Cycle in the Arctic to Climate Change, was published online today in Ecological Monographs. The coordinating lead author is David McGuire, USGS, and the co-authors include internationally renowned scientists from Canada, Germany, Sweden, and the United States. This study was sponsored by the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program, the Climate in the Cryosphere Program, and the International Arctic Science Committee.

Terraforming Syncrude in Alberta

This is likely to turn into the biggest terraforming project ever attempted. Most important, a lot of basic science is going to get done, making it easier for successors to attempt new methods.

We are starting with an inorganic sand base that is surely meters thick. One wonders why the original removed soils cannot be dumped back on top and why was this option not planned for. There is a residual saline content that should be readily handled by water table manipulation.

Anyway, a thick sand layer with salinity problems describes all the world’s deserts prior to any terraforming effort. Thus what we learn here will be applicable elsewhere.

Anyone who has followed my posts knows that I would like to see a study focused on cattails, water table management and perhaps biochar to see if we can produce a vigorous monoculture of agricultural value. If we can do that here it can be done elsewhere.

Restoring the original biome is a bit of a stretch, considering that the peat grew since the ice age and provided a lousy soil for anything else. We also have plenty more of it.

I am growing weary of politically correct thinking in which the argument boils down to ‘nature knows best’. The truth is that nature makes do and welcomes competent husbandry. This type of platform is a chance to do better than nature or at least to understand why it is not possible.


Team Leads Canadian Reclamation Effort

by Staff WritersCarbondale IL (SPX) Aug 03, 2009

http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Team_Leads_Canadian_Reclamation_Effort_999.html


A researcher at Southern Illinois University Carbondale is working with the Canadian oil and gas industry to take land reclamation to a higher level.

Dale Vitt, professor and chair of the Department of Plant Biology in the College of Science, is working with Syncrude, a joint venture of oil and gas companies mining the oil sands in Alberta. The project - part experimental research, part environmental remediation - involves turning gigantic open sand pits created by the extraction process into a rolling, lush landscape.

While land reclamation has long been a common practice among mining companies in North America, Vitt says no one has attempted a project of this magnitude.

"This is more challenging and on a larger scale than anything else, and it's way beyond reclamation," Vitt said. "Where reclamation has been done often, no one has ever tried what we're trying, which is to create an integrated landscape, where you have rolling land with wetlands in the low areas and uplands.

"There is nothing there now but sand, so we're starting from zero," he said. "To me, this is a tremendous challenge and on a scale that most researchers don't even think about."

Syncrude chose Vitt for the project because of his expertise in peat, an organic material formed in wetlands where plant matter builds up faster than it decays. Vitt has studied the material all over the world, and peat will play an important role in the experimental work in Canada.

The project began last winter, Vitt said, following the Alberta government's order that mining and oil and gas companies would have to start recreating landscapes that are similar to what was there prior to their operations. The order sets the bar higher than simple reclamation, which typically mitigates mining sites by seeding plants and grasses in those areas and making it suitable for wildlife.

While it now consists of sandy pits, the miles-wide area where the project is based once included about 40 percent organic soils and peat prior to the mining operations, Vitt said. To reach the oil-rich sands, however, workers removed about 300 feet of soil, eventually refilling the strip with the sandy tailings from which they removed oil.

To make matters more complicated, the mining process also leaves the remaining sands with a high saline content. The sand tailings are "like quicksand," Vitt said, making it difficult to use heavy machinery.

Vitt and his two SIUC graduate students must find a way to rebuild the organic dynamic that once existed at the site and find plants that can thrive there as well.

To do this, Vitt is working with engineers who are creating a topography that includes upland areas that drain into a wetland area below. They also are helping Vitt bring in peat of various types to a series of 200-square-meter test plots he is using in the area. Specially modified backhoes build beds of peat up to a meter thick that will serve as the organic base for the new landscape.

Vitt's research will examine what works best in regard to peat depth, age, the timing of its movement, the salinity content and its compaction. He also will take physical and chemical measurements of the peat to determine its status. He essentially will look at how one creates a peat land from scratch, whether you need peat to make peat or if simply growing plants from peat areas in mineral soil is enough to start one off.

The multimillion-dollar project includes Vitt's work, which he conducts on site and at SIUC's phytotron. The phytotron is essentially a climate-controlled greenhouse near the Life Science III building on the SIUC campus where doctoral student Rose Bloise and master's student Sara Koropchak are working with the seeds of potential residents of recreated landscape.

"We're sure plants will grow but are uncertain of the types," Vitt said. "First, you have this salinity problem and you've got sand and you want to put organic soils on it. We need to look at the plants and find out how to propagate them and what their tolerances are."

Last fall, the team collected 15 types of seeds from the area and is germinating and growing them under various conditions in Carbondale. It also is working with a commercial greenhouse in Alberta to mass-produce the seeds they identify as having the best potential. The plants are a mixture of sedges, shrubs and some wetland trees, which together could provide for a diverse horticultural mix on the recreated landscape.

Koropchak is looking at what Vitt considers a key foundational sedge species that would serve as the area's most abundant plant.

"Oil and energy is in the news so much and it's really cool to be a part of trying to fix these problems that are involved," she said. "It's been a great experience as a graduate student to work with industry on this project."

Bloise said she hopes to work in the energy sector after earning her degree, as companies continue improving reclamation efforts.

"They need scientists to help reclaim the land," she said.

The group will examine the peat test plots this summer and may elect to begin testing plants soon after. In the meantime, they will continue studying the plants at SIUC and working with Syncrude engineers up north to rebuild the natural environment that existed prior to the operations.

"No one ever tried to reassemble plants into a community, so we're excited about what we will find," Vitt said.