The hard reality exists that hunting bands exchange women one way or
the other or they collect DNA from guests. In the event, DNA and new
know how traveled readily.
It appears at likely that the Neanderthal was the red haired giant
that shows up quite often. I would like to see that outright proven
and there exists reports of actual living types in South America. It
at least appears to be possible.
So although pure neanderthal populations have essentially
disappeared, their DNA has been absorbed into the larger populations.
This is the ultimate fate of all small sub groups that are
particularly distinct. Again it is a boon for hybrid vigor.
The Real Question:
Who Didn't Have Sex with Neanderthals?
By Charles Choi,
LiveScience Contributor | LiveScience.com – Thu,
Nov 1, 2012
The only modern
humans whose ancestors did not interbreed with Neanderthals are
apparently sub-Saharan Africans, researchers say.
New findings suggest
modern North Africans carry genetic traces from
Neanderthals, modern humanity's closest known extinct relatives.
Although modern humans
are the only surviving members of the human lineage, others once
roamed the Earth, including the Neanderthals. Genetic analysis
of these extinct lineages’ fossils has revealed they once interbred
with our ancestors, with recent estimates suggesting that Neanderthal
DNA made up 1 percent to 4 percent of modern Eurasian genomes.
Although this sex apparently only rarely produced offspring,
this mixing was enough to endow some people with the robust
immune systems they enjoy today.
The Neanderthal genome
revealed that people outside Africa share more genetic mutations with
Neanderthals than Africans do. One possible explanation is
that modern humans interbred with Neanderthals mostly after the
modern lineage began appearing outside Africa at least
100,000 years ago. Another, more complex scenario is that an African
group ancestral to both Neanderthals and certain modern human
populations genetically split from other Africans beginning about
230,000 years ago. This group then stayed genetically distinct until
it eventually left Africa.
To shed light on why
Neanderthals appear most closely related to people outside Africa,
scientists analyzed North Africans. Some researchers had suggested
these groups were the sources of the out-of-Africa migrations that
ultimately spread humans around the globe.
The researchers
focused on 780,000 genetic variants in 125 people
representing seven different North African locations. They found
North Africans had dramatically more genetic variants linked with
Neanderthals than sub-Saharan Africans did. The level of genetic
variants that North Africans share with Neanderthals is on par with
that seen in modern Eurasians.
The scientists also
found this Neanderthal genetic signal was higher in North African
populations whose ancestors had relatively little recent
interbreeding with modern Near Eastern or European peoples. That
suggests the signal came directly from ancient mixing with
Neanderthals, and not recent interbreeding with other modern humans
whose ancestors might have interbred with Neanderthals. [10 Mysteries
of the First Humans]
"The only modern
populations without Neanderthal admixture are the sub-Saharan
groups," said researcher Carles Lalueza-Fox, a paleogeneticist
at the Institute of Evolutionary Biology at Barcelona, Spain.
The researchers say
their findings do not suggest that Neanderthals entered Africa and
made intimate contact with ancient North Africans. Rather, "what
we are saying is that the contact took place outside Africa, likely
in the Near East, and that there was a back migration into Africa of
some groups that peopled North Africa, likely replacing or
assimilating some ancestral populations," Lalueza-Fox told
LiveScience.
This research also
suggests that North African groups were not the source of the
out-of-Africa migrations. Rather, other groups, perhaps out of East
Africa, might have led this diaspora.
The scientists
detailed their findings Oct. 17 in the journal PLoS ONE.
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