This is an excellent site and what it underlines is the importance of coastal communities throughout the Megalithic. I suspect that it was only with the stability of fish, that large settled populations were initially possible. Here we have a clear example.
After all, raiding parties can steal cattle and can burn out fields. This would actually disperse an interior community to related communities. With fish we have a natural back up to prevent that as the damage is corrected.
I have been wanting to identify such a site and here we have it and it is excellent. Better the full tool kit and husbandry animals are all here too. This shows up throughout Europe and elsewhere in tte interior much later as mastery of grain growing made such expansion possible.
These coastal communities likely arrived throughout the whole of the Meditterranean as well contemporaneous with this one. Ultimately they were driven back from the shore, but not then.
The 9,000-Year-Old Underground Megalithic Settlement of Atlit Yam in the Mediterranean Sea
http://www.endalldisease.com/the-9000-year-old-underground-megalithic-settlement-of-atlit-yam-in-the-mediterranean-sea/
Not
far off the coast of the village of Atlit in the Mediterranean Sea,
near Haifa in Israel, lies the submerged ruins of the ancient Neolithic
site of Atlit Yam. The prehistoric settlement, which dates back to the
7th millennium BC, has been so well preserved by the sandy seabed that a
mysterious stone circle still stands as it was first erected, and
dozens of human skeletons lay undisturbed in their graves. Atlit Yam is
one of the oldest and largest sunken settlements ever found and sheds
new light on the daily lives of its ancient inhabitants. Today, Atlit
Yam lies between 8 – 12 metres beneath sea level and covered an area of
40,000 square meters.
The site was
first discovered in 1984 by marine archaeologist Ehud Galili, and since
then underwater excavations have unearthed numerous houses, stone-built
water wells, a series of long unconnected walls, ritual installations,
stone-paved areas, a megalithic structure, thousands of flora and faunal
remains, dozens of human remains, and numerous artifacts made of stone,
bone, wood and flint. At the center of the settlement, seven megaliths
(1.0 to 2.1 meters high) weighing up to 600 kilograms are arranged in a
stone semicircle. The stones have cup marks carved into them and were
once arranged around a freshwater spring, which suggests that they may
have been used for a water ritual.
Another
installation consists of three oval stones (1.6 – 1.8 meters), two of
which are circumscribed by grooves forming schematic anthropomorphic
figures.
Top: A diver examines megaliths at Atlit Yam. Bottom: Artist’s reconstruction of stone formation. Image source: Wikimedia
Not far off
the coast of the village of Atlit in the Mediterranean Sea, near Haifa
in Israel, lies the submerged ruins of the ancient Neolithic site of
Atlit Yam. The prehistoric settlement, which dates back to the 7th
millennium BC, has been so well preserved by the sandy seabed that a
mysterious stone circle still stands as it was first erected, and dozens
of human skeletons lay undisturbed in their graves. Atlit Yam is one
of the oldest and largest sunken settlements ever found and sheds new
light on the daily lives of its ancient inhabitants. Today, Atlit Yam
lies between 8 – 12 metres beneath sea level and covered an area of
40,000 square meters.
The site was
first discovered in 1984 by marine archaeologist Ehud Galili, and since
then underwater excavations have unearthed numerous houses, stone-built
water wells, a series of long unconnected walls, ritual installations,
stone-paved areas, a megalithic structure, thousands of flora and faunal
remains, dozens of human remains, and numerous artifacts made of stone,
bone, wood and flint.
At the center of the settlement, seven megaliths (1.0 to 2.1 meters
high) weighing up to 600 kilograms are arranged in a stone semicircle.
The stones have cup marks carved into them and were once arranged around
a freshwater spring, which suggests that they may have been used for a
water ritual. Another installation consists of three oval stones (1.6 –
1.8 meters), two of which are circumscribed by grooves forming
schematic anthropomorphic figures.
Another significant structural feature of the site is the stone-built well, which was excavated down to a depth of 5.5. metres. At the base of the well, archaeologists found sediment fill containing animal bones, stone, flint, wood, and bone artifacts. This suggests that in its final stage, it ceased to function as a water-well and was used instead as a disposal pit. The change in function was probably related to salinization of the water due to a rise in sea-level. The wells from Atlit-Yam had probably been dug and constructed in the earliest stages of occupation (the end of the 9th millennium BC) and were essential for the maintenance of a permanent settlement in the area.
The ancient
artifacts unearthed at Atlit Yam offer clues into how the prehistoric
inhabitants once lived. Researchers have found traces of more than 100
species of plants that grew at the site or were collected from the wild,
and animal remains consisted of bones of both wild and domesticated
animals, including sheep, goat, pig, dog, and cattle, suggesting that
the residents raised and hunted animals for subsistence. In addition,
more than 6,000 fish bones were found. Combined with other clues, such
as an ear condition found in some of the human remains caused by regular
exposure to cold water, it seems that fishing also played a big role in
their society.
The
archaeological material indicates that Atlit-Yam provides the earliest
known evidence for an agro-pastoral-marine subsistence system on the
Levantine coast. The inhabitants were some of the first to make the
transition from being hunter-gatherers to being more settled farmers,
and the settlement is one of the earliest with evidence of domesticated
cattle. Human remains reveal oldest known case of Tuberculosis Ten
flexed burials encased in clay and covered by thick layers of sand were
discovered, both inside the houses and in the vicinity of Atlit Yam, and
in total archaeologists have uncovered 65 sets of human remains.
One of the
most significant discoveries of this ancient site is the presence of
tuberculosis (TB) within the village. The skeletons of a woman and
child, found in 2008, have revealed the earliest known cases of
tuberculosis in the world. The size of the infant’s bones, and the
extent of TB damage, suggest the mother passed the disease to her baby
shortly after birth. What caused Atlit Yam to sink? One of the greatest
archaeological mysteries of Atlit Yam is how it came to be submerged, a
question that has led to heated debated in academic circles.
An Italian study led by Maria Pareschi of the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology in Pisa indicates that a volcanic collapse of the Eastern flank of Mount Etna 8,500 years ago would likely have caused a 40 meter high tsunami to engulf some Mediterranean coastal cities within hours. Some scientists point to the apparent abandonment of Atlit Yam around the same time, and the thousands of fish remains, as further evidence that such a tsunami did indeed occur. However, other researchers have suggested that there is no solid evidence to suggest a tsunami wiped out the settlement. After all, the megalithic stone circle still remained standing in the place in which it had constructed.
One
alternative is that climate change caused glaciers to melt and sea
levels to rise and the settlement became flooded by a slow rise in the
level of the Mediterranean that led to a gradual abandonment of the
village. Whatever the cause of the submerging of the settlement, it was
the unique conditions of clay and sandy sediment under salty water that
enabled this ancient village to remain so well preserved over thousands
of years.
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