The
swiftness of this collapse is surprising but also tells us that a
humid wet climate existed until just before the Great Pyramid was
built.
It
also tells us that full climatic restoration could be possible
provided our conjectures regarding the Pleistocene nonconformity and
the impact of goat husbandry. The moisture has not gone away, it is
merely no longer been captured and once that changes, there is ample
reason to expect that the Sahara can be fully clothed in vegetation.
The
long existence of the sphinx is also supported as geological work
shows us thousands of years of weathering. The original may well
have been a simple monolithic structure carved out of the bedrock
here and could even have been quite crude leading to a legitimate
desire to improve it when better technology came along with the
building of the great pyramid. In fact, the cessation of rain based
weathering may have encouraged the enterprise.
This
is all welcome data that eliminates lingering issues at Gaza.
Research indicates
dramatic climate change in Sahara 5000 years ago
David Farrell on
Monday, April 8 201
You may be surprised
to hear that cave paintings in the Sahara depict hippos drinking in
waterholes and large herds of elephants and giraffes. A strange
finding perhaps, in such a lifeless place, but new research indicates
that the wide belt of barren desert in northern Africa has not always
been so barren.
Researchers from
Columbia University and MIT have discovered that the climate in
Sahara was quite lush between 11,000 and 5,000 years ago, a period
known as the African Humid Period. On either side of that period, the
region has been a desert, as we know it today. The most amazing fact
about the change in northern Africa is how abruptly it occurred. The
researchers believe the region reverted into a desert in just a
generation or two.
This research comes as
a result of a 2007 research expedition, during which researchers from
Columbia and Woods Hole Oceanographic travelled to the region to
collect 10-foot long, cylindrical sediment samples off the coast of
Africa. David McGee, assistant professor at MIT’s Department of
Earth, has been analyzing the samples, which contain some 30,000
years worth of dust and sediment.
Windblown dust, which
is present in the samples, gives a very good indication of the
aridness of the Sahara at different times. Periods when a lot of dust
accumulated indicates dry times, while lower accumulation indicates a
lusher Sahara. To analyze how much dust was accumulating, McGee used
a process called Thorium-230 normalization. Thorium-230 is a product
of natural radioactive decay of uranium, and it sticks to dust from
Sahara. The oceans have a fairly constant production rate for
Thorium-230, so by measuring which parts of the sediment samples have
more Thorium it’s possible to determine when more dust was being
collected. In periods with a lot of dust, the Throium-230 levels are
lower.
Natalie Mahowald, a
professor at Cornell University specializing in Earth and atmospheric
sciences, says the research has produced better estimates of dust
buildup than ever before "Dust is one of the most important
aerosols for climate and biogeochemistry," says Mahowald, "This
study suggests very large fluctuations due to climate over the last
10,000 years, which has enormous implications for human-derived
climate change."
A ‘green’
Sahara was far less dusty than today
Research points to an
abrupt and widespread climate shift in the Sahara 5,000 years ago.
Jennifer Chu, MIT News
Office
As recently as 5,000
years ago, the Sahara — today a vast desert in northern Africa,
spanning more than 3.5 million square miles — was a verdant
landscape, with sprawling vegetation and numerous lakes. Ancient cave
paintings in the region depict hippos in watering holes, and roving
herds of elephants and giraffes — a vibrant contrast with today’s
barren, inhospitable terrain.
The Sahara’s “green”
era, known as the African Humid Period, likely lasted from 11,000 to
5,000 years ago, and is thought to have ended abruptly, with the
region drying back into desert within a span of one to two
centuries.
Now researchers at MIT, Columbia University and elsewhere have found that this abrupt climate change occurred nearly simultaneously across North Africa.
The team traced the region’s wet and dry periods over the past 30,000 years by analyzing sediment samples off the coast of Africa. Such sediments are composed, in part, of dust blown from the continent over thousands of years: The more dust that accumulated in a given period, the drier the continent may have been.
From their measurements, the researchers found that the Sahara emitted five times less dust during the African Humid Period than the region does today. Their results, which suggest a far greater change in Africa’s climate than previously estimated, will be published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters.
David McGee, an assistant professor in MIT’s Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, says the quantitative results of the study will help scientists determine the influence of dust emissions on both past and present climate change.
“Our results point to surprisingly large changes in how much dust is coming out of Africa,” says McGee, who did much of the work as a postdoc at Columbia. “This gives us a baseline for looking further back in time, to interpret how big past climate swings were. This [period] was the most recent climate swing in Africa. What was it like before?”
Getting to the core of dust
To trace Africa’s dust emissions through time, McGee analyzed sediment samples collected in 2007 by researchers from Columbia and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Researchers sampled from sites off the northwest coast of Africa, spanning a distance of more than 550 miles.
At each site, they collected a core sample — a 10-foot long cylinder topped by a weight — which scientists submerged, collecting a column of sediment.
McGee says a 10-foot column represents approximately 30,000 years of sediments deposited, layer by layer, in the ocean — sediments like windblown dust from the continent, marine deposits brought in by ocean currents, and leftover bits of organisms that sank to the seafloor. A centimeter of sediment corresponds to about 100 years of deposition, providing what McGee calls a “high-resolution” record of dust changes through time.
To trace how much windblown dust accumulated over the past 30,000 years, McGee used a combination of techniques to first determine how fast sediments accumulated over time, then subtracted out the accumulation of marine sediments and biological remnants.
Layer by layer
Using a technique called thorium-230 normalization, McGee and his colleagues calculated accumulation rates for sediment layers every two to three centimeters along the column. The technique is based on the decay of uranium in seawater: Over time, uranium decays to thorium-230, an insoluble chemical that sticks to any falling sediment as it sinks to the seafloor. The amount of uranium — and by extension, the production rate of thorium-230 — in the world’s oceans is relatively constant. McGee measured the concentration of thorium-230 in each core sample to determine the accumulation rates of sediments through time.
In periods when sediments accumulated quickly, there was a smaller concentration of thorium-230. In slower-accumulating periods, McGee measured a greater thorium-230 concentration.
Once the team calculated rates of sediment accumulation over the past 30,000 years, it went about determining how much of that sediment was dust from neighboring Africa. The researchers subtracted biological sediment from the samples by measuring calcium carbonate, opal and organic carbon, the primary remnants of living organisms. After subtracting this measurement from each sample layer, the researchers tackled the task of separating the remaining sediment into windblown dust and marine sediments — particles that circulate through the ocean, deposited on the seafloor by currents.
McGee employed a second technique called grain-size endmember modeling, charting a distribution of grain sizes ranging from coarse grains of dust to fine grains of marine soil.
“We define these endmembers: A pure dust signal would look like this, and a pure marine sediment would look like this,” McGee says. “And then we see, OK, what combination of those extremes would give us this mixture that we see here?”
This study, McGee says, is the first in which researchers have combined the two techniques — endmember modeling and thorium-230 normalization — a pairing that produced very precise measurements of dust emissions through tens of thousands of years.
In the end, the team found that during some dry periods North Africa emitted more than twice the dust generated today. Through their samples, the researchers found the African Humid Period began and ended very abruptly, consistent with previous findings. However, they found that 6,000 years ago, toward the end of this period, dust emissions were one-fifth today’s levels, and far less dusty than previous estimates.
McGee says these new measurements may give scientists a better understanding of how dust fluxes relate to climate by providing inputs for climate models.
Natalie Mahowald, a professor of earth and atmospheric sciences at Cornell University, says the group’s combination of techniques yielded more robust estimates of dust than previous studies.
“Dust is one of the most important aerosols for climate and biogeochemistry,” Mahowald says. “This study suggests very large fluctuations due to climate over the last 10,000 years, which has enormous implications for human-derived climate change.”
As a next step, McGee is working with collaborators to test whether these new measurements may help to resolve a longstanding problem: the inability of climate models to reproduce the magnitude of wet conditions in North Africa 6,000 years ago. By using these new results to estimate the climate impacts of dust emissions on regional climate, models may finally be able to replicate the North Africa of 6,000 years ago — a region of grasslands that were host to a variety of roaming wildlife.
“This is a period that captures people’s imaginations,” McGee says. “It’s important to understand whether and how much dust has had an impact on past climate.”
This research was funded by the National Science Foundation and by a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration postdoctoral fellowship to McGee.
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