Cold Fusion Protocol Twenty Times Unity

I will continue to call this branch of empirical physics ‘cold fusion’ not because it is necessarily an accurate description of any of the associated effects but because it is understood by the public in the proper context.  We are somehow releasing nuclear energy  rather than chemical energy.

As the referenced report makes clear, we are not likely observing actual fusion of neutrons, but some other form of endothermic reaction that is still nuclear in some fashion.  Yet I cannot help but wonder if we are simply seeing too few reactions to be properly detected.  Gamma rays are been reported but observed sporadically.

If the emissions are simply missing the detectors or been even reabsorbed or controlled by the crystalline structure, it makes measurement chancy.

It is all definitely new physics and what we have here is a practical application that quells any remaining doubts that such processes are real or not.

The output is close to twenty times unity!  Suddenly we have a heat engine able to produce copious heat that may be turned off and on as needed and can also be plugged into our entire installed grid energy base.

The nickel complex used still looks partially like a consumable in that it appears to become saturated in time and loses effectiveness.  Yet I also suspect that it is no trick at all to reprocess it all and reuse.  It may be as simple as roasting the powder or at worst remaning it.

Most important is that it is obviously deliverable technology today and they are in fact moving directly to that.  There is no better way to shake out a tech.

Just as obviously we certainly need a working theory for all this, if only because there must exist multiple protocols achieving the same thing and perhaps doing it better.  I find it difficult to believe we got it right the first time.

Discussion of the Rossi and Focardi demonstration at the New Energy Times Blog

JANUARY 18, 2011

Shar http://nextbigfuture.com/2011/01/discussion-of-rossi-and-focardi.htmle

The New Energy Times has been covering low energy nuclear reactions (LENR - what was called cold fusion) from the beginning. There is an article which discuses the Rossi 10 KW demonstration.

* The original nickel-hydrogen LENR research was developed by Francesco Piantelli, of Siena, Italy. Piantelli was not involved in the recent Rossi demonstration

New Energy Times received the following first-person report from Francesco Celani, a physicist with the Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN (National Institute of Nuclear Physics)

The experiment started at about 15:30 and ended at about 16:45.

The measurement of energy emission was based on a modified flow calorimeter method (peristaltic pump, small size, about 10-20W of power). They warmed up the water to 102°C, pressurized vapor condition. I estimate that the experiment consumed 12-14 liters of water.

A researcher and technicians from the University of Bologna made all the measurements independently. Rossi only supervised key safety aspects.

The amount of the reactant wasn’t clear, but it could be a few grams. According to Rossi, it is a complex mixture of nickel and one or two secret additives, which are the key for the energy emission. All the material is in the state of nano-particles or colloid.

In the pressurized (about 2 atm) chamber, the volume is 1-2 liters; also inside are the cooling pipe and the reactants. Hydrogen gas was added continuously, at a low flow rate.

According to the authors, the trigger is only heat (at quite high temperatures: T>T_Curie of Nickel???). Other people speculated about ultrasound. The input power was 500-700W maximum.

My approximate calculation, assuming no thermal dissipation from the reactor, gives:

- Input Energy (3600s): (500–700 W)*3600=(1.8–2.52)MJ

- Output Energy to increase the water temperature of 90°C: 4.2* (102°C-12°C)=378 J/g

- Vaporization enthalpy, about 40.6kJ/mole water= 2633J/g

- Total energy (with 13 liter of water vaporized)= 378+2633=3011J/g of water=>39.14MJ

The energy gain is a factor of 15-20, which is really large!

They also had a twin gamma ray detector assembled in order to detect e+e- annihilation. In this run, almost no such results were detected.

Focardi was confident that they were going to get large amounts of such signal, as in previous experiments. This time, the counts were close to background for coincidences, and only some uncorrelated signal was over background.

I brought my own gamma detector, a battery-operated 1.25″ NaI(Tl) with an energy range=25keV-2000keV. I measured some increase of counts near the reactor (about 50-100%) during operation, in an erratic (unstable) way, with respect to background.

I decided to change the gamma detector from “counts” to “spectra” mode. After a few minutes, Rossi realized that I was trying to identify something secret inside the reactor. I was forced to stop the measurements.

New Energy Times has a description of what they understand of the nuclear processes.

A 148 page report describes the experiments and analysis.

Steven Krivit of the New Energy Times describes why he believes that the Rossi and Focardi LENR device is probably real an is an advancement on the Piantelli process.

Outline

http://newenergytimes.com/v2/news/2010/35/SR35900outline.shtml

This is the outline for the New Energy Times Special Report: Cold Fusion is Neither, published electronically on July 30, 2010. The full report is available to browse on the Web, starting with this page, or as a 148-page PDF download (7MB). This outline is also available as a 4-page standalone PDF download.

The articles in this special report are sequentially structured and interconnected; they build on and reference one other. Readers will benefit by reading them in sequence.  This outline highlights the major points of each article.

The greatest skepticism about low-energy nuclear reactions in the last decade has come not from mainstream science but from within the field itself, from a "cold fusion" subgroup. The subgroup worked strategically to discredit and suppress the growing experimental and theoretical evidence that disproved "cold fusion" but proved the reality of a new nonfusion, nuclear phenomenon.

1. Taking a New Look at LENR

• Suggests how LENR may lead to a revolution in energy production and storage.
• Provides additional references for deeper technical and scientific information about LENR.

2. Cold Fusion Is Neither 

• Explains why some people initially thought LENR was predominately a "cold fusion" process.
• Discusses how the "cold fusion" concept went from hypothesis to assumed fact by members of the "cold fusion" subgroup.
• Reviews how the evidence accumulated to show that LENR was not predominately a fusion process.
• Shows the numerous and substantial distinctions between LENR and the hypothetical "cold fusion."

3. When Nuclear Is Not Enough: A Tangled Tale of Two Experiments

• Summarizes the full investigation, as shown in the corresponding 101-page slide presentation.
• Reviews investigation of a dozen unsubstantiated changes, additions and deletions to an experiment reported by Michael McKubre (SRI International) during a 10-year period.

4. NRL 2008 – The LENR Null Results Laboratory

• Reports how groundbreaking research from Japan in the late 1990s triggered a new wave of interest in LENR transmutation research.
• Reviews attempts by the Naval Research Laboratory to discredit transmutation reports from Arata-Zhang heavy-water LENR experiments.
• Reviews evidence in support of transmutation reports from Arata-Zhang heavy-water LENR experiments.

5. NRL 2009 – The LENR Null Results Laboratory, Again

• Reviews attempts by the Naval Research Laboratory to discredit transmutation claims from Iwamura/Mitsubishi Heavy Industries.
• Presents a step-by-step technical explanation of the Iwamura/Mitsubishi transmutation experiment.

6. Isotopic Anomalies Reveal LENR Insights

• Explains how anomalous isotopic shifts reveal three key insights about LENR transmutations.
• Shows how anomalous isotopic shifts in LENR cast cold water on the D+D "cold fusion" hypothesis.

7. Violante Group Claims LENR Elemental Anomalies Are Contamination

• Reviews efforts by LENR researcher Vittorio Violante, member of the "cold fusion" subgroup,  to discredit LENR transmutations.

8. Neutron Capture Is Not the New Cold Fusion

• Reviews efforts by members of the "cold fusion" subgroup to collapse distinction between neutron capture processes and fusion process after they realized that LENR was better explained by neutron processes than by fusion.
• Reviews efforts by members of the "cold fusion" subgroup to discard the nuclear physics definition of fusion once they realized that LENR was better explained by nonfusion processes.

9. Who's Afraid of LENR Transmutations?

• Shows how some LENR researchers attempted to suppress LENR transmutation results because the results disproved their D+D "cold fusion" hypothesis. 
• Compares similar five-peak spectra of LENR transmutations in light and heavy water which indicate a similar underlying mechanism, suggestive of a nonfusion process.

10. Fleischmann: It Must Be Neutrons

• Discusses "cold fusion" co-discoverer Martin Fleischmann’s regrets about calling the discovery "fusion."
• Quotes Fleischmann’s affirmation that "fusion has a special meaning in the scientific literature."
• Reports Fleischmann’s concession that the LENR process must involve neutrons, that is, weak interaction nonfusion processes.

11. LENR Weak Interaction Theory – Hagelstein Missed

• Shows that D+D "cold fusion" theorist Peter Hagelstein was on the neutron theory track in the early 1990s but failed to envision a complete neutron-based model.

12. Weak Interactions Are Not Weak Energetically

• Reviews the development of weak-interaction research and its potential for significant energy release.

13. Widom-Larsen Theory Simplified

• Presents simple four-step explanation of the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs.
• Explains collective effects in LENR.
• Explains how the chemical realm interfaces with the nuclear realm to create low-energy nuclear reactions.

14. Larsen's Vision of LENR Technology

• Discusses Larsen's vision of the potential practical applications of LENR technology.
• Compares potential LENR energy to conventional nuclear fission energy.

15. Development of the Widom-Larsen Theory of LENRs

• Tells Larsen's story of how he and Allan Widom developed their theory of LENRs.

16. Reader's Guide to Larsen Slide Presentations

• Provides a guide to help readers navigate Larsen's first six slide presentations.

17. The Cold Fusion Belief System

• Explains how some LENR researchers failed to distinguish between low-energy nuclear reaction research and "cold fusion."
• Dispels the "cold fusion" myths about helium creation in LENR.
• Shows possible weak-interaction-based nucleosynthetic pathways in LENR.

18. Contempt for Cold Fusion

• Shows how members of the "cold fusion" subgroup continued to support their D+D "cold fusion" paradigm despite the presence of experimental and theoretical evidence to the contrary.
• Explains why mainstream science was justifiably skeptical about "cold fusion."
• Sheds light on why mainstream scientists knew intuitively for two decades that "cold fusion" was problematic yet couldn't specifically identify the problems.
• Shows that some LENR researchers deliberately chose to associate their work with the speculative idea of D+D "cold fusion" instead of representing it as LENR.

19. Two Decades of “Cold Fusion”

• Provides perspective on the last decade of LENR research and history; ties all other articles together.
• Reviews attempts to suppress neutron results, which contradict hypothesis of D+D "cold fusion."
• Reviews attempts to manipulate media and government to promote D+D "cold fusion."

20. Moving Forward

• Contemplates the future of LENR research and possible applications.
• Suggests insights that may be applicable to other cases of potentially revolutionary science.