Thursday, November 21, 2019

New Superconducting States Have Been Discovered





Fifty years ago, no one even understood why this phenomena existed at all.   We are at least past that and are now learning how nature engineers it into materials.  We have even reached room temperature for particularly exotic complexes.  

I do suspect that we will ultimately produce an active multi layered skin able to internally generate super conductance at a useful operating temperature and then leading to the UFO engineering that we see in our skies.

This report establishes that we are slowly learning to work at the scales necessary.

New Superconducting States Have Been Discovered


Superconductivity has been shown in monolayer crystals of, for example, molybdenum disulphide or tungsten disulfide that have a thickness of just three atoms. ‘In both monolayers, there is a special type of superconductivity in which an internal magnetic field protects the superconducting state from external magnetic fields,’ Ye explains. Normal superconductivity disappears when a large external magnetic field is applied, but this Ising superconductivity is strongly protected. Even in the strongest static magnetic field in Europe, which has a strength of 37 Tesla, the superconductivity in tungsten disulfide does not show any change. However, although it is great to have such strong protection, the next challenge is to find a way to control this protective effect, by applying an electric field.

Ionic liquid

Ye and his collaborators studied a double layer of molybdenum disulfide: ‘In that configuration, the interaction between the two layers creates new superconducting states.’ Ye created a suspended double layer, with an ionic liquid on both sides that can be used to create an electric field across the bilayer. ‘In the individual monolayer, such a field will be asymmetric, with positive ions on one side and negative charges induced on the other. However, in the bilayer, we can have the same amount of charge induced at both monolayers, creating a symmetrical system,’ Ye explains. The electric field that was thus created could be used to switch superconductivity on and off. This means that a superconducting transistor was created that could be gated through the ionic liquid.

In the double layer, the Ising protection against external magnetic fields disappears. ‘This happens because of changes in the interaction between the two layers.’ However, the electric field can restore the protection. ‘The level of protection becomes a function of how strongly you gate the device.’



Conceptual changes


Apart from creating a superconducting transistor, Ye and his colleagues made another intriguing observation. In 1964, a special superconducting state was predicted to exist, called the FFLO state (named after the scientists who predicted it: Fulde, Ferrell, Larkin and Ovchinnikov). In superconductivity, electrons travel in pairs in opposite directions. Since they travel at the same speed, these Cooper pairs have a total kinetic momentum of zero. But in the FFLO state, there is a small speed difference and therefore the kinetic momentum is not zero. So far, this state has never been properly studied in experiments.


‘We’ve met nearly all the prerequisites to prepare the FFLO state in our device,’ says Ye. ‘But the state is very fragile and is significantly affected by contaminations on the surface of our material. We will therefore need to repeat the experiments with cleaner samples.’ With the suspended bilayer of molybdenum disulfide, Ye and collaborators have all the ingredients needed to study some special superconducting states. ‘This is truly fundamental science that might bring us conceptual changes.’


Superconductivity in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides is characterized by Ising-type pairing induced via a strong Zeeman-type spin–orbit coupling. When two transition metal dichalcogenides layers are coupled, more exotic superconducting phases emerge, which depend on the ratio of Ising-type protection and interlayer coupling strength. Here, we induce superconductivity in suspended MoS2 bilayers and unveil a coupled superconducting state with strong Ising-type spin–orbit coupling. Gating the bilayer symmetrically from both sides by ionic liquid gating varies the interlayer interaction and accesses electronic states with broken local inversion symmetry while maintaining the global inversion symmetry. We observe a strong suppression of the Ising protection that evidences a coupled superconducting state. The symmetric gating scheme not only induces superconductivity in both atomic sheets but also controls the Josephson coupling between the layers, which gives rise to a dimensional crossover in the bilayer.


SOURCES – Nature Nanotechnology, University of Groningen

Written by Brian Wang, Nextbigfuture.com

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