One Gene Error Linked to early onset Dementia.

This is great to know if you have zero family history.  Otherwise we appear to be on track to establishing what it is in coffee that actually counters the protein problem associated with all forms of dementia.

It is certainly significant that the two identified compounds must be used together.  It is also a cautionary in research on other plant based phenomena.  Who would have considered the wax critical when the known compound is in the seed itself.  It is not as if you can eat the seed and coffee is the only application.

Yet here  we are capturing a benefit by using two essentially independent compounds packaged together.

.

1 GENE ERROR LINKED TO EARLY-ONSET DEMENTIA

DECEMBER 14TH, 2018COFFEE COMBO MAY FIGHT PARKINSON’S DISEASE

DECEMBER 16TH, 2018

POSTED BY CAITLIN COYLE-RUTGERS

Researchers have discovered a compound in coffee that may team up with caffeine to fight Parkinson’s disease and Lewy body dementia—two progressive and currently incurable diseases.

The discovery suggests these two compounds combined may become a therapeutic option to slow brain degeneration associated with these two diseases.

Nearly one million people in the United States are living with Parkinson’s disease, which can lead to shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with walking, balance, and coordination. Current treatments only address the symptoms of the disease but don’t protect against brain degeneration.

Lewy body dementia, one of the most common forms of dementia, affects more than one million people in the United States. It causes problems with thinking, behavior, mood, and movement.

Lead author M. Maral Mouradian, director of the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School Institute for Neurological Therapeutics and a professor of neurology at Rutgers University, says prior research has shown that drinking coffee may reduce the risk of developing Parkinson’s disease. While caffeine has traditionally been credited as coffee’s special protective agent, coffee beans contain more than a thousand other compounds that are less well known.

The study focused on a fatty acid derivative of the neurotransmitter serotonin, called EHT (Eicosanoyl-5-hydroxytryptamide), found in the bean’s waxy coating. The researchers found that EHT protects the brains of mice against abnormal protein accumulation associated with Parkinson’s disease and Lewy body dementia.

In the research, Mouradian’s team asked whether EHT and caffeine could work together for even greater brain protection. They gave mice small doses of caffeine or EHT separately as well as together. Each compound alone was not effective, but when given together they boosted the activity of a catalyst that helps prevent the accumulation of harmful proteins in the brain. This suggests the combination of EHT and caffeine may be able to slow or stop the progression of these diseases.

Mouradian says further research is needed to determine the proper amounts and ratio of EHT and caffeine required for the protective effect in people.

“EHT is a compound found in various types of coffee but the amount varies. It is important that the appropriate amount and ratio be determined so people don’t over-caffeinate themselves, as that can have negative health consequences,” she says.

The research appears in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Source: Rutgers University

Original Study DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813365115

Scientists have discovered a lone mutation in a single gene that causes an inherited form of frontotemporal dementia makes it harder for neurons in the brain to communicate with one another, leading to neurodegeneration.

Unlike the more common Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia tends to afflict young people. People with the illness typically begin to suffer memory loss by their early 60s, but it can affect some people as young as their 40s. There are no effective treatments for the condition, which accounts for an estimated 20 percent of all cases of early-onset dementia.

The new findings zero in on the MAPT gene, which makes a protein called tau, also associated with cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. Identifying the downstream effects of the mutation could help identify new treatment targets for frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and other tau-related illnesses, including 

Parkinson’s disease.

The photo shows neurons (red) with a mutation in the MAPT gene—a gene that makes the protein tau. People with this mutation develop frontotemporal dementia. (Credit: Sidhartha Mahali)

“We have demonstrated that we can capture changes in human cells cultured in a dish that also are appearing in the brains of individuals… with frontotemporal dementia,” says Celeste M. Karch, assistant professor of psychiatry at Washington University in St. Louis and a senior author of the paper, which appears in Translational Psychiatry.

“Importantly, the approach we are using allows us to zero in on genes and pathways that are altered in cells and in patient brains that may be influenced by compounds already approved by the FDA. We want to evaluate whether any of these compounds could prevent memory loss, or even restore memory, in people with frontotemporal dementia by improving the function of these pathways that have been disrupted,” Karch says.

COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN

For the study, researchers gathered skin samples from patients with frontotemporal dementia with a specific mutation in the MAPT gene.

The researchers then converted the patients’ skin cells into induced pluripotent stem cells, which have the ability to grow and develop into any cell type in the body. The researchers treated these stem cells with compounds that coaxed them to grow and develop into neurons, which also had the MAPT mutation. Then, using gene-editing technology called CRISPR, the researchers eliminated the mutation in some neurons but not others and observed what happened.

“We found differences in genes and pathways related to cellular communication, suggesting the mutation alters neurons’ ability to communicate,” says co-senior author Carlos Cruchaga, associate professor of psychiatry.

“The initial mutation in MAPT is the key change that starts the disease, and it is a potential target for therapy, but there are other genes downstream from the MAPT gene that also are good targets that may be used to treat the disease.”

DAMAGE PREVENTION

In neurons with the mutation, the researchers found alterations in 61 genes, including genes that make GABA receptors on brain neurons. GABA receptors are the major inhibitory receptors in the brain, and they are key to several types of communication between brain cells.

The researchers identified similar disruptions in genes that make GABA receptors when they did experiments in animal models and analyzed brain tissue from patients who had died with frontotemporal dementia. They also looked at findings from a genomewide association study of more than 2,000 patients with frontotemporal dementia and more than 4,000 without the disorder. That analysis also pointed to GABA-related genes as potential targets.

“Using our stem cell-derived neurons, we have the opportunity, in human tissue, to target some of those GABA genes in advance of the neurodegeneration we see in the postmortem tissue we study,” Harari says. “So, at least in cell cultures, we can learn whether potential therapies prevent the damage caused by inherited forms of frontotemporal dementia.”

By studying rare, inherited forms of brain diseases, the researchers believe they will learn a great deal about how to treat the more common forms of those disorders.

“Genetic forms of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease are caused by rare mutations,” Cruchaga says. “But they have much in common with the more typical cases of those diseases. If we understand these cases caused by inherited mutations, we also should better understand the common forms of these diseases.”

The National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health and the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer’s Network funded the study. The Tau Consortium, the Alzheimer Association, the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research, the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, AMED, and the Korea Health Technology R&D project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute provided additional funding.