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This report is actually very encouraging. It is likely impossible to get the disease out of the wild itself but is is possible to create a secure water delivery system. That has not happened yet in most countries including semi developed SE Asia.
Failure to make it good has been an ongoing political decision, just as slums are caused by political neglect. solutions are readily available and well tested many decades ago in similar situations.
Other than that we have here a clear clinical solution for victims that turns them around in hours and a vaccine protocol that can be applied locally to an outbreak. All good enough to win all battles.
Then it is merely a matter of solving poverty which i have explained is also easy enough..
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A global pandemic rose from these swamps. Now scientists may have a way to stop it. Turning the Tide Against Cholera
Two hundred years ago, the first cholera pandemic emerged from these tiger-infested mangrove swamps.
It
began in 1817, after the British East India Company sent thousands of
workers deep into the remote Sundarbans, part of the Ganges River Delta,
to log the jungles and plant rice. These brackish waters are the cradle
of Vibrio cholerae, a bacterium that clings to human intestines and
emits a toxin so virulent that the body will pour all of its fluids into
the gut to flush it out.
Water
loss turns victims ashen; their eyes sink into their sockets, and their
blood turns black and congeals in their capillaries. Robbed of
electrolytes, their hearts lose their beat. Victims die of shock and
organ failure, sometimes in as little as six hours after the first
abdominal rumblings.
Cholera
probably had festered here for eons. Since that first escape, it has
circled the world in seven pandemic cycles that have killed tens of
millions.
Artists
of the 19th century often depicted it as a skeleton with a scythe and
victims heaped at its feet. It stalked revelers at a masked ball in
Heinrich Heine’s “Cholera in Paris” and kills the protagonist in Thomas Mann’s “Death in Venice.” Outbreaks forced London, New York and other cities to create vast public water systems, transforming civic life.
Today
cholera garners panicky headlines when it strikes unexpectedly in
places like Ethiopia or Haiti. But it is a continuing threat in nearly 70 countries, where more than one billion people are at risk.
Now, thanks largely to efforts that began in cholera’s birthplace, a way to finally conquer the long-dreaded plague is in sight.
A
treatment protocol so effective that it saves 99.9 percent of all
victims was pioneered here. The World Health Organization estimates that
it has saved about 50 million lives in the past four decades.
Just
as important, after 35 years of work, researchers in Bangladesh and
elsewhere have developed an effective cholera vaccine. It has been
accepted by the W.H.O. and stockpiled for epidemics like the one that struck Haiti in 2010. Soon, there may be enough to begin routine vaccination in countries where the disease has a permanent foothold.
Merely creating that stockpile — even of a few million doses — profoundly improved the way the world fought cholera,
Dr. Margaret Chan, secretary general of the W.H.O., said last year.
Ready access to the vaccine has made countries less tempted to cover up
outbreaks to protect tourism, she said.
That
has sped up emergency responses and attracted more vaccine makers,
lowering costs. “More cholera vaccines have been deployed over the last
two years than in the previous 15 years combined,” Dr. Chan said.
A Revolution in Recovery
The
treatment advances relied heavily on research and testing done at the
International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, known as the
ICDDR,B, in Dhaka.
Although
Dhaka may not be the first place one might look to find a public health
revolution, the center is famous among experts in gut diseases.
While its upper levels are quiet and scholarly, the center’s ground floor is the world’s largest diarrhea
hospital. Its vast wards treat 220,000 patients a year, almost all of
whom recover within 36 hours. Doctors there save hundreds of lives a
day.
The
ICDDR,B was originally the Cholera Research Laboratory, founded in 1960
by the United States as part of that era’s “soft diplomacy.” Research
hospitals were built in friendly countries both to save lives locally
and to act as sentinels for diseases that might threaten America.
The
wards, which in the rainy season extend into circus-size tents in the
parking lot, contain long rows of “cholera cots.” On each iron or wood
frame is a plastic sheet with a hole in the middle. A bucket beneath the
hole catches diarrhea, while another beside the cot fills with vomit.
An IV pole completes the setup.
Defying expectations, the ward smells only of the antiseptic that the floors are constantly mopped with.
Patients
with severe watery diarrhea arrive around the clock, many of them
carried in — limp, dehydrated and barely conscious — by friends or
family. A nurse sees each one immediately, and those close to death get
an IV line inserted within 30 seconds.
It
contains a blend of glucose, electrolytes and water. Cholera spurs the
intestines to violently flush themselves, but it does not actually
damage the gut cells. If the fluid is replaced and the bacteria flushed
out or killed by antibiotics, the patient is usually fine.
Within
hours, patients start to revive. As soon as they can swallow, they get
an antibiotic and start drinking a rehydration solution. Most walk out
within a day. The techniques perfected here are so effective that the
ICDDR,B has sent training teams to 17 cholera outbreaks in the past
decade.
Usually,
the only patients who stay long in the hospital are infants so
malnourished that another bout of diarrhea would kill them. They live
for up to a month in a separate ward with their mothers, who are taught
how to cook nutritious porridges from the cheapest lentils, squash,
onions, greens and oil.
Only about 20 percent of the patients at the center have cholera. The rest usually have rotavirus, salmonella
or E. coli. The same therapy saves them all, but the cholera cases are
more urgent because these patients plummet so precipitously toward
death.
“I
thought I was dying,” Mohammed Mubarak, a gaunt 26-year-old printing
press worker, said one afternoon from his cot. His roommates had carried
him in at 7 that morning, unconscious and with no detectable pulse.
Now,
after six liters of intravenous solution, he was still weak but able to
sit up and drink the rehydration solution and eat bits of bread and
banana.
“His
stool is changing from rice-water to green, so he is recovering,” said
Momtaz Begum, the ward nurse who monitors the buckets and makes sure
patients take in as much liquid as they lose.
Mr.
Mubarak had first fallen ill at about 2 a.m., a few hours after he
drank tap water with his dinner. “Usually I drink safe water, filtered
water,” he explained. “But I drank the city water last night. I think
that is what did this.”
Cholera,
born in the swamps, arrived long ago in Dhaka. The city is home to more
that 15 million, and a third of the population lives in slums. In some
places, water pipes made of rubbery plastic are pierced by illegal
connections that suck in sewage from the gutters they traverse and carry
pathogens down the line to new victims, like Mr. Mubarak.
Vibrio
cholerae travels from person to person via fecal matter. In 1854, the
epidemiologist John Snow famously traced cases to a single well dug near
a cesspit in which a mother had washed the diaper of a baby who died of
cholera and nd convinced officials to remove the well’s pump handle.
Because
cholera is a constant threat to hundreds of millions of people lacking
safe drinking water in China, India, Nigeria and many other countries,
scientists have long sought a more powerful weapon: a cheap, effective
vaccine.
Now they have one.
Preventing a Plague
Injected
cholera vaccines were first invented in the 1800s and were long
required for entry into some countries. But many scientists suspected
they did not work, and in the 1970s studies overseen by the ICDDR,B
confirmed that.
In the 1980s, a Swedish scientist, Dr. Jan Holmgren, invented an oral vaccine that worked an impressive 85 percent of the time. But it was expensive to make and had to be drunk with a large glass of buffer solution to protect it from stomach acid.
In the 1980s, a Swedish scientist, Dr. Jan Holmgren, invented an oral vaccine that worked an impressive 85 percent of the time. But it was expensive to make and had to be drunk with a large glass of buffer solution to protect it from stomach acid.
Transporting
tanks of buffer was impractical. Making matters worse, it was fizzy,
and poor Bangladeshi children who had never tasted soft drinks would
spit it out as soon as it tickled their noses.
In
1986, a Vietnamese scientist, Dr. Dang Duc Trach, asked for the
formula, believing he could make a bufferless version. Dr. Holmgren and
Dr. John D. Clemens, an American vaccine expert who at the time was a
research scientist for the ICDDR,B, obliged.
“This
isn’t an elegant vaccine — it’s just a bunch of killed cells,
technology that’s been around since Louis Pasteur,” said Dr. Clemens,
who is now the ICDDR,B’s executive director.
He
and Dr. Holmgren lost touch with Dr. Dang, largely because of Vietnam’s
isolation in those days. But seven years later, Dr. Dang notified them
that he had made a new version of the vaccine. He had tested it on
70,000 residents of Hue, in central Vietnam, and had found it to be 60
percent effective.
Although
his was not as effective as Dr. Holmgren’s, it cost only 25 cents a
dose. If enough people in an area can be made immune through
vaccination, outbreaks often stop spontaneously.
In
1997, Vietnam became the first — and thus far, only — country to
provide cholera vaccine to its citizens routinely, not just in
emergencies. Cases dropped sharply, according to a 2014 study, and in 2003 cholera vanished from Hue, where the campaign focused most heavily.
But
Dr. Dang had not conducted a classic clinical trial, and Vietnam’s
vaccine factory did not meet W.H.O. standards, so no United Nations
agency was allowed to buy his vaccine.
Because
no pharmaceutical company had an incentive to pay for trials or
factories, his invention languished in “the valley of death” — the
expensive gap between a product that works in a lab and a factory-made
version safe for millions.
In 1999, Dr. Clemens approached what is now the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which was just getting organized.
“They
were literally operating out of a basement then,” he said. “I got a
letter from Bill Gates Sr. It was very relaxed, sort of, ‘Here’s $40
million. Would you mind sending me a report once in a while?’
“But without that,” Dr. Clemens continued, “this wouldn’t have seen the light of day.”
With
that money, Dr. Clemens reformulated Dr. Dang’s vaccine, conducted a
successful clinical trial in Calcutta and found an Indian company,
Shantha Biotechnics, that could make it to W.H.O. standards.
Rolled
out in 2009 under the name Shanchol, it came in a vial about the size
of a chess rook, needed no buffer and cost less than $2 a dose. Even so,
there was little interest, even from the W.H.O.
The
vaccine lacked the publicity campaign that pharmaceutical companies
throw behind commercial products, and “cholera ward care” was saving
many lives — when it could be organized. The new vaccine was not used in
a cholera outbreak in Zimbabwe in 2009, or initially in Haiti’s
explosive outbreak in 2010.
The “valley of death” lengthened: Without customers, Shantha could not afford to build a bigger factory. The impasse was broken only when Dr. Paul Farmer, a founder of Partners in Health, which has worked in central Haiti since 1987, began publicly berating the W.H.O. for not moving faster.
The agency approved Shanchol in 2011, and since then, the vaccine has slowly gained acceptance. In 2013, an emergency stockpile was started, and the GAVI Alliance committed $115 million to raise it to six million doses.
The vaccine is now used in Haiti,
and has been deployed in outbreaks in Iraq, South Sudan and elsewhere. A
second version, Euvichol, from South Korea, was approved in 2015.
And
later this year, Bangladesh — where it all began — hopes to begin
wiping out its persistent cholera. A local company has begun making a
domestic version of the vaccine, called Vaxchol. Dr. Firdausi Qadri, a
leading ICDDR,B researcher, estimated last year that success there would
require almost 200 million doses.
The
world finally has a vaccine that, with routine administration, could
end one of history’s great scourges. But what will happen is still hazy.
With
1.4 billion people at risk, the potential cost of vaccination in
cholera-endemic countries is enormous. And the disease tends to move,
surging and vanishing among the many causes of diarrhea.
Even Bill Gates, who paid for much of the research, has asked: “We actually have a cholera vaccine, but where should it be used?”
Looking
back on his long struggle to prove the vaccine’s value, and then to win
acceptance, Dr. Clemens offered an explanation that blended wistfulness
and cynicism. “We’re probably not bad scientists,” he said, “but we
were lousy advocates.
“If this disease had been in American kids, there would have been trials as fast as the Sabin polio vaccine.”
Yep- more billions for the vaccine industry and the setting up of the system to drop the population levels of poor people in the future. Now we can inroduce them to first world diseases using mercury and aluminium!
ReplyDeleteStrange how they couldn't put that money into clean water instead.