There is little
doubt and ample evidence that the primary native genetic influx came from Asia
after the Pleistocene nonconformity of 12900 BP. What has not been as clear is
that this applied an overlay onto an already extant population generally in
place that was not clearly Asian at all.
The additional adoption of agriculture then allowed a population boom to
take place for selected tribal groups that produced the resultant dominant DNA
strains. Thus the actual influx was both
modest but also lucky as it turns out.
That the Eastern
Tribes were often showing quite different features often went unremarked. That these features could be derivatives of a
predecessor local European population has not been well investigated. Thus it is not a surprise that earlier
remains will lack the mongoloid features completely.
Here now the
evidence is finally beginning to pile in to confirm this scenario.
I have also
posted that the distance for sea travel was much shorter. There were two land masses above water along
the Mid Atlantic Ridge and the continental shelf was above water. It was quite feasible to make the trip with
canoes in summer and well within bird flight ranges to act as pointers
Do tools
belonging to Stone Age hunters found on U.S. east coast prove the first
Americans came from Europe NOT Asia?
New discovery of
European-style tools being heralded as among the most important archaeological
breakthroughs for decades
Supports the theory that
Stone Age humans could make the 1500 mile journey across the Atlantic
during Ice Age
By JILL
REILLY
28 February 2012
America was first discovered by Stone Age hunters
from Europe, according to new archaeological evidence.
Across six locations on the U.S. east coast, several
dozen stone tools have been found.
After close analysis it was discovered that they
were between 19,000 and 26,000 years old and were a European-style of
tool.
The discovery suggests that the owners of the tools
arrived 10,000 years before the ancestors of the American Indians set foot in
the New World, reported The Independent.
Finding the tools is being heralded as one of the
most important archaeological breakthroughs for several decades.
Archaeologists are hopeful that they will add
another dimension to understanding the spread of humans across the
world.
Three of the sites were discovered by
archaeologist Dr Darrin Lowery of the University of Delaware, while another one
is in Pennsylvania and a fifth site is in Virginia.
Fishermen discovered a sixth on a seabed 60 miles
from the Virginian coast, which in prehistoric times would have been dry land.
How Europeans first reached America: The migration
route mapped out
Previous similar discoveries before the recent
artefacts, dated back 15,000 years ago, which was long after Stone Age
Europeans had stopped making those tools, and as a consequence, most
archaeologists had refuted any possibility of a connection.
[ In short, the European
tool culture continued on for thousands of years after its displacement in Europe
– arclein ]
In their book, Professor Dennis Stanford and
Professor Bruce Bradley of the University of Exeter argued that Stone Age
humans were able to make the 1500 mile journey across the Atlantic ice
But the age of the newly-discovered tools are from
between 26,000 and 19,000 years ago and are virtually exactly the same as
western European materials from that time, reported The Independent.
Professor Dennis Stanford, of the Smithsonian
Institution in Washington DC, and Professor Bruce Bradley of the University of
Exeter, were the two leading archaeologists who analysed the evidence.
They have argued that Stone Age humans were able to
make the 1500 mile journey across the Atlantic ice and suggested that from
Western Europe, Stone Age people migrated to North America at the
height of the Ice Age.
About three million square miles of the North Atlantic
was covered in thick ice for all or part of the year at the peak of the
Ice Age.
However, beyond the ice, the lure of the open ocean
began would have been extremely rich in food resources for hunters.
But until now there was relatively little evidence
to support their thinking.
They are presenting their theory and evidence in a
new book - Across Atlantic Ice - which is published this month.
Buoyed by the recent discovery, archaeologists are
now turning to new locations in Tennessee, Maryland and even Texas, all
sites which are they believe will produce more Stone Age evidence.
But most of the areas where the newcomers stepped
off the ice on to dry land are now up to 100 miles out to sea - along with any
possible evidence.
The first
Americans Came from Europe?
New archaeological evidence suggests America was
first discovered by Stone Age hunters from Europe. Several dozen stone
tools have been found across six locations on the U.S. East Coast that are
between 19,000 and 26,000 years old and were a European-style tool.
The discovery suggests that the owners of the tools
arrived 10,000 years before the ancestors of the American Indians set foot in
the New World. According to the now familiar story, Mongolian mammal
hunters entered the continent some 12,000 years ago via a land bridge that spanned
the Bering Sea. Its possible huge glaciers may
have blocked their way and it is not known how they survived in an obviously
hostile region.
Finding European style tools is being heralded as
one of the most important archaeological breakthroughs for several decades.
Archaeologists are hopeful that they will add another dimension to
understanding the spread of humans across the world. Three of the sites were
discovered by archaeologist Dr Darrin Lowery of the University of Delaware,
while another one is in Pennsylvania and a fifth site is in Virginia. Fishermen
discovered a sixth on a seabed 60 miles from the Virginian coast, which in
prehistoric times would have been dry land.
In their book, Professor Dennis Stanford of the
Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC and Professor Bruce Bradley of the
University of Exeter argued that Stone Age humans were able to make the 1500
mile journey across the Atlantic ice. But the age of the newly-discovered tools
are from between 26,000 and 19,000 years ago and are virtually exactly the same
as western European materials from that time.
About three million square miles of the North
Atlantic was covered in thick ice for all or part of the year at the peak of
the Ice Age. However, beyond the ice, the lure of the open ocean began would
have been extremely rich in food resources for hunters. But until now there was
relatively little evidence to support their thinking.
They are presenting their theory and evidence in a
book – “Across Atlantic Ice,” buoyed by the recent discovery,
archaeologists are now turning to new locations in Tennessee, Maryland and even
Texas, all sites which are they believe will produce more Stone Age evidence.
But most of the areas where the newcomers stepped off the ice on to dry land
are now up to 100 miles out to sea - along with any possible evidence. The
authors are forcing us to look at the possibility of pre-Clovis occupation of
the New World. The book suggests a new hypothesis to explain the origin, both
technologically and geographically of the Clovis culture.
Stanford and Bradley argue for an origin of
Clovis (and pre-Clovis) technology with the Solutrean culture of France
and Spain. They marshal a considerable corpus of data in support of this
hypothesis from a wide variety of disciplines - paleontology, geology,
geochronology and of course, archeology. They describe Clovis N.M. technology
in great detail, pulling together the work of many researchers, as well as
their own research.
Distinctive stone tools belonging to the Clovis
culture established the presence of these early New World people. Drawing from
original archaeological analysis, paleoclimatic research, and genetic studies,
noted archaeologists Dennis J. Stanford and Bruce A. Bradley challenge the
theories that American Indians were first to settle in America.
The authors apply rigorous scholarship to a
hypothesis that places the technological antecedents of Clovis N.M. in Europe
and posits that the first Americans crossed the Atlantic by boat and arrived
earlier than previously thought. Supplying archaeological and oceanographic
evidence to support this assertion, the book dismantles the old paradigm while
persuasively linking Clovis technology with the culture of the Solutrean people
who occupied France and Spain more than 20,000 years ago. The Solutrean were
able to built boats and fished. There is a possibility that some of them
reached the Americas, following a route along the edge of the pack ice that
extended from the Atlantic coast of France to Canada during the last glacial
maximum.
There is also new genetic evidence which also
suggests an ancient European immigration. The so-called "Xenia
clan," or Haplogroup X, is one of the seven maternal lines traceable via
mitochondrial DNA, and it points to a European origin. About 3% of American
Indians carry this gene. This mitochondrial DNA evidence is of genes that have
diverged enough to show ancient trans-Atlantic immigration.
One of the interesting points of their
arguments involves the identification of specific, detailed similarities in the
stone complexes and methods of cooking ovens. The Europeans used stone
structures that are being located in North and South America. They identify one
very specific technique, overshot flaking on arrowheads, as so specialized, and
so restricted in time and space (it is a significant component of only two
complexes, Clovis and Solutrean) that it surely evidences a close
relationship between the people responsible.
The authors have a rich fabric of evidence. Michael
Collins notes they've laid out the evidence, but much more needs to be done in
order to test their hypothesis.
Penon Man
MEXICO CITY -- Scientists in Britain have
identified the oldest skeleton ever found on the American continent in a
discovery that raises fresh questions about the accepted theory of how the
first people arrived in the New World. The skeleton's perfectly preserved skull
belonged to a 26-year-old Caucasian woman who died during the last ice age
on the edge of a giant prehistoric lake now occupied by the sprawling suburbs
of Mexico City.
Scientists from Liverpool's John Moores University
and Oxford's Research Laboratory of Archaeology have dated the skull to about
13,000 years old, making it 2,000 years older than the previous record for the
continent's oldest human remains. However, the most intriguing aspect of the skull
is that it is long and narrow and typically Caucasian in appearance, like the
heads of white, western Europeans today.
Modern-day Native Americans, however, have short,
wide skulls that are typical of their Mongoloid ancestors who are known to have
crossed into America from Asia on an ice-age land bridge that had formed across
the Bering Strait.
The extreme age of Peñon woman suggests there was a
much earlier migration of Caucasian-like people with long, narrow skulls across
ice or water in the Atlantic Ocean. They may have come by boat, traveled over
the ice or were flown.
At the extreme southern part of South America, at a
dig known as Monte Verde, there is hard evidence of a human encampment from
12,500 years before present. This discovery (in 1975) was troublesome for those
who believed that the Clovis point was the best evidence of the first
immigrants. At Monte Verde, there is evidence of people in the south of Chile
more than 30.000 years ago. These days, the evidence at Monte Verde in Chile is
no longer a quirk. Similar skulls are found in Bolivia and Peru with red hair.
The Bering land bridge theory is no longer adequate, long skulls are being
found in Europe, China, and the Americas. In 1996, two young men found
the skeleton of Kennewick Man in Washington, a state in the extreme northwest
of the current United States. Kennewick Man is 9,200 years old. But Kennewick
Man is not Amerindian. Identified as Caucasian, his origin is a matter of
speculation.
Recently, advanced science has inquired into the
nature of ancient bones discovered near Mexico City. Peñon Woman III, unearthed
in 1959, is one of 27 ancient human skeletons held by the National Museum of
Anthropology in Mexico City. Radio-carbon dating tells that Peñon Woman lived
12,700 years ago. And, she's not Amerindian. Her skull shape indicates that she
is not closely related to the American Indians.
There is speculation that the Peñon Woman and
Kennewick man are related. On Baja Peninsula Mexico, there lived an isolated
tribe of nontypical Native Americans up into the modern age. The Pericues, civilized to extinction by Spaniards, were a
tall, thin folk whose skull shape is not consistent with the Siberian-crossing
Native-American.
http://www.stevenroyedwards.com/peoplingofamericas.html Note:
The experts have new evidence and hypothesis for explaining how America was
settled however, often the leaders of the various tribes claim they came from
distant planets.
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