Greenland and Ice Age Agriculture

The sharp climate swing that wiped out the Vikings is a reminder also just how volatile climate is in ice age conditions.  It was impossible to sustain agriculture and that was agriculture well adapted to take advantage of a brief growing season and included cattle husbandry.

This is a measure of just how impossible it was to sustain agriculture away from coastal regions during the Ice Age proper when decadal temperature swings played themselves out over a five degree range, unlike the two degree range of the Holocene.

It is very clear that throughout the huge landmasses of the northern hemisphere that a hugely variable Ice Age climate persisted.  This meant that while a spell of good conditions were possible, the bad conditions would be catastrophic to any idea of agriculture.

Thus the full exploitation of the Earth’s landmass was not possible.  What remained was Africa and much of the greater South American land mass and Sahul and the Indonesian coastal plain as well as an expanded India.  The problem was that agriculture was effectively limited to tropical coastal plains and the like which to this day have not been properly mastered.  We had the working equivalent of perhaps three Indian subcontinents to exploit properly and a possible developed population base of up to three billion if my conjecture of such a previous development holds up.

Eliminating the Ice Age created a well ordered climate and the potential for a population of between thirty to one hundred billion people.  I have posted on this in the past.

The Ice Age was ended 13900 years ago and the present Holocene is now fully settled in pending further improvements by us.

Greenland cold snap linked to Viking disappearance

Reuters – Mon, 30 May, 2011

http://ca.news.yahoo.com/greenland-cold-snap-linked-viking-disappearance-203657244.html

An iceberg floats in the sea ice near the town of Uummannaq in western Greenland

OSLO (Reuters) - A cold snap in Greenland in the 12th century may help explain why Viking settlers vanished from the island, scientists said on Monday.

The report, reconstructing temperatures by examining lake sediment cores in west Greenland dating back 5,600 years, also indicated that earlier, pre-historic settlers also had to contend with vicious swings in climate on icy Greenland.

"Climate played (a) big role in Vikings' disappearance from Greenland," Brown University in the United States said in a statement of a finding that average temperatures plunged 4 degrees Celsius (7F) in 80 years from about 1100.

Such a shift is roughly the equivalent of the current average temperatures in Edinburgh, Scotland, tumbling to match those in Reykjavik, Iceland. It would be a huge setback to crop and livestock production.

"There is a definite cooling trend in the region right before the Norse disappear," said William D'Andrea of Brown University, the lead author of the study in the U.S. journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Researchers have scant written or archaeological records to figure out why Viking settlers abandoned colonies on the western side of the island in the mid-1300s and the eastern side in the early 1400s.

Conflicts with indigenous Inuit, a search for better hunting grounds, economic stresses and natural swings in climate, perhaps caused by shifts in the sun's output or volcanic eruptions, could all be factors.

LITTLE ICE AGE

Scientists have previously suspected that a cooling toward a "Little Ice Age" from the 1400s gradually shortened growing seasons and added to sea ice that hampered sailing links with Iceland or the Nordic nations.

The study, by scientists in the United States and Britain, added the previously unknown 12th century temperature plunge as a possible trigger for the colonies' demise. Vikings arrived in Greenland in the 980s, during a warm period like the present.

"You have an interval when the summers are long and balmy and you build up the size of your farm, and then suddenly year after year, you go into this cooling trend, and the summers are getting shorter and colder and you can't make as much hay," D'Andrea said.

The study also traced even earlier swings in the climate to the rise and fall of pre-historic peoples on Greenland starting with the Saqqaq culture, which thrived from about 4,500 years ago to 2,800 years ago.

Scientists fear that the 21st century warming is caused by climate change, stoked by a build-up of greenhouse gases from human activities. An acceleration of warming could cause a meltdown of the Greenland ice sheet, raising world sea levels.