Thursday, April 28, 2011

Mother Africa For Language




Perhaps again.  The evidence for Africa to be the founding ancestral maelstrom has been mapped through a range of lines and they all point to the same place.  Cultural data takes it further and supports the argument that modern humanity arose on the eastern continental shelf of Southern Africa.

Thus we all quite rightly look to Africa.

My quibble comes from the realization that Southern Africa was the western most part of a tropical world that passed through Madagascar, island chains, southern India and Indonesia into Austrasia when the sea level was much lower.  This tropical world was connected, though I would like to see genetic drift analysis on it all.

I simply do not trust the final assertion.

I would also like to see comparative work on languages extended to obvious tests such as New Guinea and South America to see how well the idea stands up.

Africa said to be mother to all human language

New study argues traces the evolutionary origin of language to Africa, also the cradle of humanity

Landscape shot showing the snowy peaks of Mt. Kenya from the Lewa Wildlife Conservancy (ROBERTO SCHMIDT)


(CBS News)  


(Updated 5 pm ET) Is Africa the birthplace of human language? That's the claim made in a new paper by a University of Auckland evolutionary psychologist who traced the evolutionary origin of human language to Africa - the continent that also happens to be the place where humanity got its start.

Linguists have faced myriad challenges tracking the evolution of languages as they spread around the globe. The most common tack has been to investigate and compare differences in the development of word and grammatical structures. But the paper, published by Quentin D. Atkinson in the journal Science, instead focuses on the study of consonants, vowels and tones - phonemes - which form languages. In doing so, Atkinson claims to have found repeating themes within the 504 languages that are currently spoken around the world.

As he sought for a way to unlock the puzzle surrounding the origin of human language, Atkinson said there were a couple of clues that convinced him to look at phonemes.

In an email interview with CBSNews.com, he pointed to a 2007 paper that appeared in the journal "Language" showing that small populations tend to have fewer phonemes, which is what is required to generate a serial founder effect. He also was influenced by work done by other researchers who examined computer models of cultural evolution which predicts the same effect.

What he found was that as our ancestors began to migrate from sub-Saharan Africa, it affected the number of distinct sounds that got used. The upshot: the greater the distance that humans traveled out of Africa, the fewer number of phonemes were detected in the languages they spoke. So, for example, English has about 45 phonemes, while some African languages have twice as many.

Atkinson's sleuthing places the so-called mother tongue that would have been spoken by people in Africa sometime between and 50,000 and 70,000 years ago. That would coincide with a concomitant burst in human creativity, which expressed itself in the development of cave art as well as the use of more advanced tools to hunt animals. Although Atkinson doesn't go that far, it does suggest a link between language and the emergence of symbolic culture in Africa, such as the appearance of beads, ornaments, patterns scratched into rocks.

To the extent that language can be considered an example of cultural evolution, Atkinson's paper notes that the findings "support the proposal that a cultural founder effect operated during our colonization of the globe, potentially limiting the size and cultural complexity of societies at the vanguard of the human expansion."

Unfortunately, there's not enough evidence to to zero in any further on the geographic "ground zero" where language might have first originated in Africa.

"The method can only really point to sub-Saharan Africa in general," according to Atkinson.

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