This is delightful item on the dynamics of flocks of starlings. There is a lot more here than one would naturally assume. As one who has admired the dynamic flocks in motion, this comes as no surprise.
Lest we forget, the starling is an import from Europe that has become a major addition to our wildlife. When I grew up, we were still in the process of accepting these invaders.
Now no one seems to care anymore. I think the starling was the black bird in the proverbial pie in Europe , but I could be wrong on that.
Anyway, they are marvelous to watch and enjoy.
Amazing Starling Flocks Are Flying Avalanches
By Brandon Keim 
June 16, 2010 |
To watch the uncanny synchronization of a starling flock in flight is to wonder if the birds aren’t actually a single entity, governed by something beyond the usual rules of biology. New research suggests that’s true.
Mathematical analysis of flock dynamics show how each starling’s movement is influenced by every other starling, and vice versa. It doesn’t matter how large a flock is, or if two birds are on opposite sides. It’s as if every individual is connected to the same network.
That phenomenon is known as scale-free correlation, and transcends biology. The closest fit to equations describing starling flock patterns come from the literature of “criticality,” of crystal formation and avalanches — systems poised on the brink, capable of near-instantaneous transformation.
In starlings, “being critical is a way for the system to be always ready to optimally respond to an external perturbation, such as predator attack,” wrote researchers led by University of Rome theoretical physicist Giorgio Parisi in a June 14 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences paper.
Parisi’s team recorded starling flocks on the outskirts of Rome
In particle physics, synchronized orientation is found in systems with “low noise,” in which signals are transmitted without degrading. But low noise isn’t enough to produce synchronized speeds, which are found in critical systems. The researchers give the example of ferromagnetism, where particles in a magnet exhibit perfect interconnection at a precise, “critical” temperature.
“More analysis is necessary to prove this definitively, but our results suggest” that starling flocks are a critical system, said study co-author Irene Giardina, also a University of Rome physicist.
According to the researchers, the “most surprising and exotic feature” of the flocks was their near-instantaneous signal-processing speed. “How starlings achieve such a strong correlation remains a mystery to us,” they wrote.
Images: 1. Flickr/Eduardo. 2. Snapshot measurements of starling-flock orientation and velocity./PNAS.
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Back some years I got to watch some of the starling flocking up close. My townhouse then was on one of their nightly flypaths. They would land in huge groups in a grove of trees or some other such spot and make an infinite racket. Suddenly they would all go quiet, and then simultaneously take off. Some of what they do is training. When a starling breaks off from the group, a pair of them will often leave, follow, and herd the 'miscreant' back to the group.
ReplyDeleteIn the early days of radar, a phenomenon called "ring angels" appeared daily, and was found to be starlings leaving a group roost.