Showing posts with label bronze age. Show all posts
Showing posts with label bronze age. Show all posts

Friday, August 14, 2009

19000 Year History - Great floods


I am in receipt of a 600 page manuscript written by Prithvi titled: ‘19,000 Years of World History - The Story of Religion by Prithviraj R ‘. It solves a problem for me.

Those who have been following my postings know that we have reconstructed a large swath of the Earth’s physical history covering the past through the late Ice Age and into the Holocene. In particular we have the Pleistocene Nonconformity, the collapse of the Ice Age itself, the rise of the Bronze age, its European collapse, Atlantis, global emergence of agricultural man and so on.

I have had some cultural sources, principally the Bible as an informant for certain times and places and as a strong source of suggestions for informed inquiry. Homer gives us the very late Bronze Age in the Baltic as per da Vinci. I always knew that a large stock of cultural data was also stored in the scriptural material surviving in the Indian subcontinent. This material has been effectively unavailable or at best inaccessible. Either we had raw translations by those blinded by a classical western viewpoint or interpretive reconstructions again misleading.

Whereas I am looking for the background and what is naturally written between the lines. The task was as daunting as the one that I was engaged on myself over my own lifetime and a cursory attack was impossible, just as a cursory reading of the bible will never help much.

Anyway, it seems that Prithvi was up to the task and has produced a fully modern interpretation of these scriptures that is informed by the mass of recent discoveries and due confidence in the observers themselves.

The first thing that arose when I cracked open the text is that we have hard cultural information on the Great Floods brought about by the reduction of the Northern Ice Sheet. This means that reconstruction has a viable starting point.

Recall that the shift of the crust almost 12,000 years ago moved the cap thirty degrees south along the Hudson Bay meridian. The ice then began to melt. In the process it produced Lake Missoula and that ultimately extended into the Bay. This water was impounded by the mass of the northern parts of the sheet and eventually highlands surrounding the Bay. Escapement naturally happened in catastrophic phases, many of which were small such as that which created the scablands in Washington and Oregon. However, major escapements were probable and would have caused sudden rises in the ocean level.

Prithvi reports:

‘14,000, 11,500, 8000, and 5000 years ago. And I believe that human civilization has been badly mauled during each of these floods. And worldwide flood myths, in all likelihood, are referring to four distinct floods! Each flood destroyed civilizations; and most importantly, the technology that existed at the time got destroyed, causing human advancement to go backward rather than forward.’

‘And chances are that such universal floods have occurred several times in recent history, four times to be precise. The most compelling evidence regarding the floods has been found off the coast of Barbados, in terms of three ancient coral reefs. These coral reefs survive only at a specific depth. And they seem to have been drowned suddenly, three times, during the last ice age at about 14,000, 11,000, and 8,000 years ago7. The fact that these coral reefs were not drowned 5,000 years ago seems to indicate that our 3000 BC flood was not that universal.’

So we observe the existence of four separate great floods, the last been the least. This also tells us something else that I suspected and now see essentially confirmed. I already know that the 11,900 BP event was no accident. However the sudden decline beginning about 18,000 years ago is also likely caused by an earlier crustal shift that was possibly naturally induced and provided the precedent needed to attempt the one that ushered in the Holocene. Otherwise, I simply do not see it ever been attempted.

The Floods of 11,500 BP is well attested to and been derived from the crustal shift would have been in the form of massive surges. We thus have two principal Holocene floods at 8000 BP and 5000 BP. I do not know how good those dates are, since the prior attempts at geological dating made them older. In fact I am going to have to revisit the dating problem again in an attempt to pin as much down as possible. The only thing that we can have confidence in is that the events took place and that cultural reports that should exist are now in hand.

What I will try to do is to stick to his dating in this and related articles.

The last two were both escapement floods, the last one finally clearing Hudson Bay. It did not wreck everything and largely went unremarked. The main escapement event would be the first such event in 8000 BP and this likely added over a hundred feet to the sea level. It also likely over topped the land barrier into the Black Sea to produce that flood. Wikipedia puts a time frame of 9500 years ago on this event and the 1500 year gap is similar to the gap I recall for the 5000 BP event which shows elsewhere at 6500 BP. I personally think that later is much better because there was a lot of ice to melt.

As I work my way through the manuscript, I will write columns on relevant material and post them here under the lead of 19,000 years of history.

Thursday, August 6, 2009

World Trade and Biological Exchanges Before 1492

This recently published book is reviewed in the Gavin Menzies newsletter and it is certainly welcome in putting scholarly flesh on the strengthening hypothesis of extensive and continuous contact between the old and new worlds.

I have strongly outlined the support for a global Bronze Age trading network that included all points accessible to the Atlantic and have also fingered the city of Altantis at Gibraltar by Seville as the natural entrepot for the exact same reasons Seville became the gateway to the Americas. Scholarly work has pinpointed the actual remains under deltaic mud.

I naturally assumed that plant transfer and the like would be extensive between around 6000 years ago to about 3000 years ago. It is reported here that hookworms travelled from SE Asia and Brazil 7000 years ago. I suspect that was an unlikely but possible accidental voyage, but any further such evidence could change that.

Importantly we have a huge influx of borrowed plants from the tropics of the Americas to similar environs in the old world. A few went the other direction, but the majority went East.

That strongly implies that this is an artifact of Bronze Age seamen originating from the old world and been continuously engaged for centuries as we have projected in previous postings.

We can go a lot further with this new data. We can assert that such efforts were much stronger than anything we have imagined and certainly discovered so far. Just as only a fraction of Bronze Age canters have been discovered in the Middle East, the same is true for the Atlantic seaboard of the Americas. Few built in stone unless it was handy to do so and any scrap bronze was never thrown out.

Our only way to confirm a site is to find the metal forge with signs of a large settlement. With native populations in their million and the settlements of traders and their retainers likely a thousand at most, it is looking for a needle in a haystack.

World Trade and Biological Exchanges Before 1492

We are pleased to announce the publication of a new book by Emeritus Professor John L. Sorenson and Emeritus Professor Carl L. Johannessen which seems to provide a series of smoking guns in relation to the subject of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic trade. In World Trade and Biological Exchanges Before 1492 they postulate that "...124 tropical plants and animals were transported across oceans to and from tropical continents by early tropical mariners. This encyclopaedic volume summarizes the research of Professors Sorenson and Johannessen, opening up new avenues of research and challenging the current ideas of how species were dispersed across the world oceans.

A plant, especially a domesticated one, cannot evolve twice on two opposite continents; they require a DNA source. It takes finite time for it to spread. Eighty-four tropical plants were transported from America to the tropical Old World used now by us. The early mariners selected crops from highlands and shorelines, wet and dry climates, took them to the Old World, and planted them in the appropriate ecological locations. Only 13 plants came to America from Old World locations.

The sailing that maintained medicinal plants in Egypt and Peru during two separate 1, 400 year periods implies continual maritime trade. The most ancient exchanges by mariners were two species of hookworms originating from Southeast Asia. They were found in mummies in Brazil but not in North America. This indicates that diffusion of various types occurred in order to bring these parasites to Brazil over 7,000 years ago.

This research will allow scientists and teachers to openly reassess their current notions of the history of civilization and the interaction between peoples in ancient times..."

To purchase this book please visit the following link:

Thursday, April 9, 2009

Geological Climate View

This is a geological viewpoint of man’s impact on the climate and it is naturally very conservative.

The one event not recognized is the unusual temperature collapse coinciding with the end of the Bronze Age that has never been reversed. My conjecture is that this was caused directly by the deforesting of the whole Sahara resulting in the reflectance of incoming solar energy back out into space. This represents a huge chunk out of the global energy budget.

That is a man made climatic change event that puts current activities in the shade. We can and will reverse that event and in the process provide home and agriculture for billions of people.

Otherwise, the claims of significant human impact in the modern era are hard to substantiate or quantify and appear to be a distraction from real efforts aimed at the terraforming the earth.

As I have stated, it is becoming possible to convert all the deserts into productive farmland and woodland. It is also massively beneficial to do so.

Man's contribution to climate change is negligible in geologic time

http://www.examiner.com/x-2950-Denver-Energy-Industry-Examiner~y2009m3d21-Mans-contribution-to-climate-change-is-negligible-in-geologic-time

March 21, 11:49 AM

Most geologists, including those in the energy business, take a REALLY long view of the earth's history including global warming and cooling cycles. Within the framework of geologic time, i.e. the earth's history, man is a very late entry and relatively small contributor to climate changes.

The current debate concerning global warming is well publicized. It features histrionic presentations of data on both sides of the issue usually by writers or politicians, with no scientific background, "interpreting" volumes of data gathered by true scientists. The arguments, for and against, have been going on for about 40 years. The earth is about 4.6 billion (4,600,000,000) years old so the debate has been going on for about 0.000001% of geologic time. Man, or at least our earliest demonstrable "human" ancestors, arrived about 2.3 million (2,300,000) years ago so "man" has been an observer of climate change for about 0.05% of geologic time.

Climate change, as measured and recorded in the fossil and rock record, as "ice ages" (global cooling) and ocean expansion (global warming) have been occurring periodically but erratically throughout geologic time from about 3.3 billion (3,300,000000) years ago or approximately 1 billion years after the earth formed. The earth basically "cooled" from its nuclear, "Big Bang", inception for over 1 billion years. At least two, multi-million year length "ice ages" occurred before the first signs of organic, carbon based life in the form of algae or pond scum. At least four more ice ages occurred from the age of pond scum, through the age of creepy crawlers, fishes, amphibians, reptiles (dinosaurs) and early mammals. In the last 1 million (1,000,000) years, during the age of man, at least 10 well documented periods of cooling have occurred. The last "ice age", lasted about 60,000 years from approximately 70,000 years ago until about 10,000 years ago. In North America, the timing and duration are determined by measuring the advance and retreat of glaciers in the fossil plant and rock records. Within these overall "ice ages", there are also shorter cycles of warming and cooling. The warmer periods, in today's vernacular, would be called "global warming."

Without question, man's use of fire (wood), dating from 1.5 million years ago; coal, from about 3000 years ago; and petroleum for the last 150 years have contributed to the most recent cycle of warming. The significance of man's activity is a part of the ongoing debate. The CO2 emissions and ozone layer changes are measurable phenomena. The so called "greenhouse effect" is an unproven theory. At worst, however, man's contribution looks to have only "sped up" the earth's natural cycles by a few decades. Obviously, a "few decades" are significant to the earth's current human population but not in terms of impacting the earth's climate history. If this speeding up process began with the first burning of petroleum 150 years ago, man's activities have affected 0.000003% of the earth's history; 0.0065% of man's history; and 1.5% of the time since the end of the last ice age.

Some evidence exists suggesting that the current phase of warming MAY have peaked in the 1970s and the earth MAY be returning to a cooling phase. Regardless of the rhetoric on either side of the arguments, man's total contribution to global climate change is negligible and probably not measurable within the context of geologic time. Instantaneous events like the asteroid or meteor strike that ended the age of dinosaurs by creating a global wide "dust cloud" or continuous volcanic eruptions that have also shrouded the earth with ash and smoke clouds have had a far greater and long lasting effect on climates. If all of man's "contribution" were to cease immediately, the net effect, measured in geologic time, on the earth's natural warming and cooling cycles would not be measurable.

Friday, September 26, 2008

Mediterranean Upheaval after 1159 BCE

Something that I was not aware of is that the cataclysm of 1159 BCE focused on Hekla was apparently contemporaneous with destructive earthquakes throughout the Mediterranean basin. If they all happened on the same day, then we are talking about an extraordinary event in world history that is scary.

That they happened close in time is quite apparent, but the lack of recognition of this in the written records of Egypt suggests instead that they happened over a somewhat longer time period. It seems likely though that the initial event was the Hekla event itself, possibly triggered by an event associated with the Mid Atlantic ridge itself. It seems reasonable that a major displacement would have shaken the Mediterranean Basin causing major after shocks for years to come.

This also handily explains the sequential demise of the Sea People maritime culture probably based in Atlantis by Gibraltar as previously posted. The Mycenaean culture was a likely tributary culture paying tribute and relying on Atlantean support for trade and military backup. Once this ended in 1159 BCE, the raison d’ĂȘtre of the palace cultures of Mycenae ended, forcing the abandonment of these structures.

It is reasonable to presume such fortresses existed throughout the Mediterranean but were likely much more modest in most cases. These were trade stations that justified their presence by trade to the local population. Remember that the currency of the Atlantean culture was bronze and that this needed central distribution and far flung shipping. A little bit like the British empire of later days.

In any event, the archeological record shows that major quakes ravaged Anatolia and the Levantine Coast and a lot more besides. It is as if every likely fault let go and knocked down the adjacent cities.

This does not mean that civilization ended however, although the disruption certainly created security problems and let lose barbarian tribes and the like. It is just that our own experience informs us that the survivors can rebuild completely inside of a generation while completely replacing human loses.

What was lost was the maritime sea empire that supplied huge amounts of bronze into this market. Atlantis itself was not rebuilt and its population base on the Atlantic coast was decimated by a collapse of the harvest thanks to Hekla. This is all shown in the tree ring evidence.

Thereafter, the Iron Age emerged in Anatolia under the Hittites and was likely accelerated by this event. Iron had been worked long before this but had not become common place at all.

Once iron took over from bronze as the metal of choice, there existed a huge surplus of bronze in the various state coffers which likely took centuries to dissipate. If you do not believe me, a reading of the building of Solomon’s temple will make the point.

Monday, August 18, 2008

Ice Age Denoument

As my long time readers are aware, I have taken a particular interest in the climatic history of the Holocene generally in order to establish historic drivers to the observed climatic variation. The millennia long Bronze Age climatic optimum has been of particular interest. During this period, it was observed that the Sahara was created by the destruction of a well vegetated ecosystem. This also coincides with a similar decline throughout the Middle East.

I pointed out that this was a heat capture system that explains the warmth of the Northern Hemisphere during this time and its loss explains the less optimal climate since.

It is also noted that the principal rise in sea levels from melt waters ended about seven thousand years ago, having lasted a total of perhaps seven thousand years. Other sources had suggested a much shorter melting time frame, so perhaps we should be a bit wary as yet in accepting the source that I am appending here. Those curves are way too smooth.

What I have not paid attention to yet is the last several thousands of years simply because it appears to be a minor variation as compared to the previous collapse. The fact is that there was plenty of land based ice up to perhaps four thousand years ago and this was reflected in the still substantial as compared to today, increase in sea level. It was about twice the current level of sea level increase.

This suggests that a lot of the original ice sheet lingered on the ground near sea level into the late Bronze Age. This surely kept the Arctic cold and possibly a large part of the present boreal forest at bay. In other words, present historical conditions in the high arctic are actually very new and only properly established in the past three thousand years or so.

This also suggests that the Bronze Age had an extra cooling engine in the arctic to offset the warmth coming out of the south. All this is much closer in time in terms of effect than I had anticipated and negates facile comparisons to those climatic conditions. It appears way more robust than anticipated.

It would be useful to do carbon 14 dating on bog trapped wood throughout the boreal forest to get an idea of just how long the forests have been present. I see no evidence that anyone has launched such a program anywhere, let alone in the more northerly regions. It would give us a time line on were and for how long surface ice lingered representing necessary input for the generation of climate models.

A derivative of this result is that during the climatic optimum of the Bronze Age, the Greenland ice sheet would have been far less vulnerable to change and that the sea ice would have remained largely intact. The medieval optimum was possibly the first real look at an ice free summer Arctic and that lasted for many decades. We can never prove it of course.









http://www.globalwarmingart.com/wiki/Image:Holocene_Sea_Level_png

Image:Holocene Sea Level.png
From Global Warming

Holocene_Sea_Level.png; Other sizes: 100, 200, 300, 450
Description


Sea level rise since the last glacial episode


Sea level rise from direct measurements during the last 120 years

This figure shows changes in
sea level during the Holocene, the time following the end of the most recent glacial period, based on data from Fleming et al. 1998, Fleming 2000, & Milne et al. 2005. These papers collected data from various reports and adjusted them for subsequent vertical geologic motions, primarily those associated with post-glacial continental and hydroisostatic rebound. The first refers to deformations caused by the weight of continental ice sheets pressing down on the land, the latter refers to uplift in coastal areas resulting from the increased weight of water associated with rising sea levels. It should be noted that because of the latter effect and associated uplift, many islands, especially in the Pacific, exhibited higher local sea levels in the mid Holocene than they do today. Uncertainty about the magnitude of these corrections is the dominant uncertainty in many measurements of Holocene scale sea level change.

The black curve is based on minimizing the sum of squares error weighted distance between this curve and the plotted data. It was constructed by adjusting a number of specified tie points, typically placed every 1 kyr and forced to go to 0 at the modern day. A small number of extreme outliers were dropped. It should be noted that some authors propose the existence of significant short-term fluctuations in sea level such that the sea level curve might oscillate up and down about this ~1 kyr mean state. Others dispute this and argue that sea level change has been a smooth and gradual process for essentially the entire length of the Holocene. Regardless of such putative fluctuations, evidence such as presented by Morhange et al. (2001) suggests that in the last 10 kyr sea level has never been higher than it is at present.

Copyright This figure was prepared by Robert A. Rohde from published data.


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References
[abstract] [DOI] Fleming, Kevin, Paul Johnston, Dan Zwartz, Yusuke Yokoyama, Kurt Lambeck and John Chappell (1998). "Refining the eustatic sea-level curve since the Last Glacial Maximum using far- and intermediate-field sites". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 163 (1-4): 327-342.
Fleming, Kevin Michael (2000). Glacial Rebound and Sea-level Change Constraints on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Australian National University. PhD Thesis.

[
abstract] [DOI] Milne, Glenn A., Antony J. Long and Sophie E. Bassett (2005). "Modelling Holocene relative sea-level observations from the Caribbean and South America". Quaternary Science Reviews 24 (10-11): 1183-1202.

[
abstract] [DOI] Morhange, C., J. Laborel, and A. Hesnard (2001). "Changes of relative sea level during the past 5000 years in the ancient harbor of Marseilles, Southern France". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 166: 319-329.

Wednesday, May 28, 2008

1159 BCE Tree Ring and Climate Break

The major problem with the history of climate variation in the Northern Hemisphere has never been explaining why it warms up to temperatures better than today’s. It has been explaining why it cools down. The Northern Hemisphere has had several protracted warm periods that include an exceptionally long period during the European Bronze Age that ended abruptly around 1159 BCE. We also had the medieval optimum, which lasted about two hundred years.

The evidence points to a natural climate regime as warm as we are now experiencing that left alone will eliminate perennial ice in the Arctic and enhance growing conditions in the north. That little extra heat slowly pushes the trend line to the optimum over as many years as it takes. In this case, since the little ice age, it has taken a good two hundred years and more.

I had a chance to see a program on ancient Ireland and got an eyeful of the tree ring evidence. It was startling, in that occasional cold years were common and that conditions for the Bronze Age did not stand out that much. What did stand out was the eighteen year growing break between 1159 to 1176 BCE. Afterwards, the climate recovered as it normally did after a bad year or two.

One advantage with the Irish data is that the Irish climate is profoundly moderated by the Gulf Stream. This means that any modest increase or decrease in the available heat will be generally buffered by the incoming winds. It will always want to be cold, wet and miserable. As we go into the Baltic, we both get and expect a much broader variation in conditions.

More plainly, a cold summer in Ireland translates into a disaster in most of Eastern Europe.

Because the moderating effect is dominant, normal variation is suppressed strongly. When you get a sharply defined event, it is certain to be a global event. We get this with the 1159 event which is marked in the tree ring record as an eighteen years stretch of zero summer growth.

This means a major temperature drop in Northern Europe and that has been substantiated with other records. That is deep enough to end any cropping for a generation over vast areas. Fortunately the bulk of the inland folk relied on cattle husbandry, which perhaps contracted but they were likely able to sustain themselves.

This period is associated with the onslaught of the sea peoples throughout the Mediterranean and the movement of peoples from the north in general. It is nice to police up the actual decades of this historic movement.

What is becoming much more apparent is that both the protracted eighteen year cold spell of 1159 and the many shorter cold year events are caused the same way. We need to look for major volcanic activity.

Remember that our own knowledge of volcanism is still in its infancy. Surely we learned that after Mt St Helens. We simply do not have the full range of geologically inferred activity available to us for study.

We know that a single major blast can drop global temperatures for a year or so. We also know that an active spewing volcano that operates for months will do the same thing.

A very likely disaster is the activation of a large magma mass at near surface that erupts for years. Iceland has the needed features and I believe it is quite capable of flooding the atmosphere with fine dust for eighteen years. It would also be limited to the high latitudes, unlike any of the monsters in Indonesia.

My conclusion is that the one clear mechanism able to chill the northern hemisphere is volcanic activity in all its various expressions. A number of known cold intervals have in fact been associated with known volcanic events. The proposition that all chilling events in the Northern Hemisphere are directly linked to volcanic events is strongly supportable.

I have never seen any popular media actually attempt to describe the full range of volcanic possibilities. The onshore mega volcanoes appear very dormant, but that includes Yellowstone Park, Iceland and Hawaii. You get the picture. Imagine any of those becoming truly active and throwing many cubic mile of dust into the atmosphere for decades. This is no risk with Hawaii but that give as us a clear measure of the real size of these structures. The global temperature would nosedive and crops would be largely impossible outside the tropics.

It is quite clear that a year or two is quite survivable because of our current global infrastructure. It would just be inconvenient as hell and we all would be on wartime rations. Sustaining populations past that would require a crash program aimed at massive food production in the tropics. We would all learn to enjoy our recently recognized cattail starch ration.

Wednesday, May 14, 2008

Holocene Climate Shift

As my readers know, I have given a lot of thought to the historical temperature record of the post Pleistocene Nonconformity era we call the Holocene. This era began with the mopping up of the vestiges of the preceding million year Ice Age that began with the closure of the Panama Isthmus. The almost total removal of the Polar ice cap produced a northern temperate climate regime that has typically varied about a half degree per century at most. We are rarely been forced to abandon huge tracts of farm land. The Holocene has been the true cradle of human emergence from its barbaric past.

This makes the understanding of temperature anomalies in the record very important. They push us to understand the more general nature of our climate engine. The recent era has seen a rough half degree increase in the northern Hemisphere over the past century. We have every reason to think that this is actually true. The fact that this is a continuing rebound from the chilling event of the little Ice age does enough to explain the shift. Other causes are so far an unnecessary conjecture.

There is exactly one major anomaly in the record that needs to be addressed. Why did the Bronze Age temperature regime abruptly end? We have been living in a post Bronze Age climate regime that is clearly a couple of degrees colder in the Northern Hemisphere that was true during the two thousand year Bronze Age.

Since it ended, we have a constant cycle of failed recoveries, punctuated by sharp reversals that create so called little ice ages. Somehow these reversals lower the temperature a degree or so and we then spend decades if not a century or two recovering. The chilling mechanism is not yet well understood but after watching the macroclimatic behavior of this past year, I would place my bets on the wind circulation system as more than capable of transporting enough heat around to mess up the system. It is just that it is unusual.

This is clearly not enough to explain the climate regime of the Bronze Age. We simply had more heat in the Northern Hemisphere for two thousand years.

I will make the following conjecture. During the Bronze Age, the Sahara Desert was created by mankind. The creation of the Sahara, released a huge amount of solar energy back into space. There was nothing on the ground capable of absorbing all that energy and turning it into atmospheric heat and plant material unable to escape easily to space. That is why the desert becomes so cold at night and so frightfully hot in the daytime. This meant that the Northern Hemisphere has had measurably less available heat for the past four thousand years or so.

An immediate corollary of this conjecture is that the full restoration of the Sahara and all Asian deserts generally will warm and moderate the climate of the Northern Hemisphere and hugely expand the agricultural potential of Eurasia.

This agricultural terrain was systematically destroyed be the advent of goats during the Bronze Age throughout this region. It is their nature to eat a plant to destruction and must be carefully controlled, an option never available in primitive agriculture.
I had previously speculated that perhaps the little Ice Age temperature declines were driven by volume changes in the ocean current systems. This may still have merit but I am much less inclined to support that conjecture now that the strength of the atmospheric circulatory system is much more apparent in northern latitudes.

Also we have had an apparent shift in the volume of the Gulf Stream without any visible effect on its climatic effect over the past fifty years. This means that the principal current is dragging a surface layer of warm water containing most of the heat into the Arctic and affecting climate that way while the varying driver current is doing its thing primarily out of harms way a little deeper.

I think that we have laid the last brick in fully understanding the modest climate variation experienced during the Holocene era. That is good news, because if we cannot reasonably understand our climatic baseline and run experiments against it, we end up talking rubbish.

That is what predictions of a new ice age are and even to a large degree anthropogenic warming when you understand that right now all variation is well within the anticipated variation from the well established baseline.

None of this excuses us from the proper use of good practice to sequester waste CO2. After all, I am predicting that the reforestation of the Eurasian Desert and much of the remaining Northern Hemisphere will raise the temperature of the Northern Hemisphere significantly and powerfully enhance agriculture. In other words, proper sequestration of CO2 will actually warm the planet, but that is a good thing.